Question 1

A 7-year-old female is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following results from this condition?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sunken fontanelles
B)   Vesicular skin rash
C)   Frothy urine
D)   Jaundice C

Question 2

A 20-year-old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumor. Which of the following clinical conditions is often associated with this disease?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cystic disease of the liver
B)   Aniridia (lack of an iris in the eye) 
C)   Anemia
D)   Hypothyroidism B

Question 3

A 7-year-old male presents to his physician for incontinence. His mother indicates that he has never been continent. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Nocturnal enuresis
B)   Diurnal enuresis
C)   Primary enuresis
D)   Secondary enuresis C

Question 4

A 15-year-old female presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever. Tests reveal glomerulonephritis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
B)   Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
C)   Nephrotic syndrome
D)   Potter syndrome

Question 5

A 6-year-old male is experiencing urine reflux from the urinary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces. He was diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux. This condition would be graded:

Accepted Answer

A)   I.
B)   II.
C)   III.
D)   IV.

Question 6

Urinary tract infections are uncommon in newborns, and when they do occur, they are usually:

Accepted Answer

A)   blood-borne infections.
B)   caused by bacteria from the GI tract.
C)   yeast infections.
D)   viral infections.

Question 7

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries. He would most likely have recurrent:

Accepted Answer

A)   infections.
B)   hematuria.
C)   vomiting.
D)   enuresis.

Question 8

A 3-year-old female presents with recurrent urinary tract infections, fever, poor growth and development, and feeding problems. Tests reveal a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   vesicoureteral reflux.
B)   vesicourethral reflux.
C)   vesicourethral influx.
D)   hydronephrosis.

Question 9

A 4-year-old male is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following accompanies this condition?

Accepted Answer

A)   Proteinuria
B)   Decreased BUN
C)   Hematuria
D)   Sodium loss

Question 10

Wilms tumors are found in the:

Accepted Answer

A)   kidneys.
B)   ureters.
C)   bladder.
D)   urethra.

Question 11

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. This condition is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   hypospadias.
B)   epispadias.
C)   hydroureter.
D)   nidus.

Question 12

Infants who have bilateral renal agenesis:

Accepted Answer

A)   die within 1 year of birth.
B)   can expect to have a normal, healthy life.
C)   are stillborn or die within a few hours of birth.
D)   have structural abnormalities that can be corrected with surgery.

Question 13

An infant male experiences a constant dribbling of urine. His urethral opening is located behind the glans. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Anterior epispadias
B)   Posterior epispadias
C)   Extrophy of the bladder
D)   Bladder outlet obstruction

Question 14

A newborn female has chronic renal failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys. This condition is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   megacalycosis.
B)   renal agenesis.
C)   hypoplastic kidney.
D)   renal aplasia.

Question 15

A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition. The infection was most likely located in the:

Accepted Answer

A)   lungs.
B)   GI tract.
C)   pharynx.
D)   ear.

Question 16

Which of the following clusters of symptoms would make a clinician suspect a child has developed glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pyuria, fever, and abdominal pain
B)   Proteinuria, hypotension, and ascites
C)   Dysuria, urinary frequency, and abdominal tenderness
D)   Gross hematuria, flank pain, and hypertension

Question 17

A newborn male dies shortly after birth. Physical examination reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. The most likely diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)   unilateral renal agenesis.
B)   bilateral renal agenesis.
C)   renal aplasia.
D)   renal dysplasia.

Question 18

If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed _____ nephrotic syndrome.

Accepted Answer

A)   primary
B)   secondary
C)   tertiary
D)   idiopathic

Question 19

In children, the most common cause of acute renal failure is:

Accepted Answer

A)   infection.
B)   obstruction.
C)   nephrotic syndrome.
D)   hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Exam 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children