Question 1

True microcephaly can be caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)   viral infection.
B)   an autosomal recessive gene.
C)   fetal trauma.
D)   hydrocephalus. B

Question 2

A 3-year-old African-American child was diagnosed with sickle cell disease. She is now suffering from meningitis. The most likely cause of the meningitis is:

Accepted Answer

A)   virus.
B)   Hemophilus influenzae type B.
C)   Streptococcus pneumoniae
D)   Neisseria meningitides. C

Question 3

The most common type of cerebral palsy is:

Accepted Answer

A)   ataxic.
B)   dyskinetic.
C)   spastic.
D)   mixed. C

Question 4

A 10-year-old male presents with visual disturbances. CT scan reveals a tumor that is located near the optic chiasm. Which of the following is the most likely tumor type?

Accepted Answer

A)   Astrocytoma
B)   Craniopharyngioma
C)   Ependymoma
D)   Medulloblastoma

Question 5

Which of the following diseases is screened for in all newborns?

Accepted Answer

A)   Epilepsy
B)   Tay-Sachs disease
C)   Pica
D)   Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 6

A child presents to his physician with disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and stupor. His parents report that he was recently ill with an upper respiratory infection, which they treated with aspirin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Epilepsy
B)   Reye syndrome
C)   Tay-Sachs
D)   PKU

Question 7

A 19-month-old boy developed a premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures. The most likely diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)   craniosynostosis.
B)   craniosuture sclerosis.
C)   microcephaly.
D)   acrania.

Question 8

Viral meningitis:

Accepted Answer

A)   is always sudden in onset.
B)   often occurs with measles, mumps, or herpes.
C)   is effectively treated with antibiotics.
D)   rarely causes encephalopathy.

Question 9

An example of an anterior midline defect of neural tube closure is:

Accepted Answer

A)   anencephaly.
B)   myelodysplasia.
C)   cyclopia.
D)   hydrocephaly.

Question 10

A newborn child has a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra. This condition is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   spinalocele.
B)   meningocele.
C)   encephalocele.
D)   myelomeningocele.

Question 11

A 10-month-old infant presents for a well-baby visit. Which of the following reflexes should be present at this age?

Accepted Answer

A)   Stepping
B)   Sucking
C)   Landau
D)   Palmar grasp

Question 12

The most common location of brain tumors in children is:

Accepted Answer

A)   always above the cerebellum.
B)   the posterior fossa.
C)   in the cerebrum.
D)   in the ventricular lining.

Question 13

Currently, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Haemophilus influenzae.
B)   Neisseria meningitidis.
C)   Streptococcus pneumoniae.
D)   Escherichia coli.

Question 14

The first reflex of infancy to disappear is:

Accepted Answer

A)   stepping.
B)   rooting.
C)   palmar grasp.
D)   Moro reflex.

Question 15

The majority of children with AIDS were exposed to HIV:

Accepted Answer

A)   during breast-feeding.
B)   in the uterus.
C)   as a result of blood transfusions.
D)   at school.

Question 16

A baby is stillborn after 6 hours of labor. Autopsy reveals hydrocephalus caused by cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle and aqueductal compression. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Congenital hydrocephalus
B)   Microcephaly
C)   Dandy-Walker deformity
D)   Macewen sign

Question 17

A child is brought to the emergency room. Initial examination documents the following clinical manifestations: tissue ischemia, anemia, and an apparent decrease in normal growth rate. Which of the following poisons would most likely be the cause?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ethyl alcohol
B)   Lead
C)   Mercury
D)   Carbon monoxide

Question 18

To prevent Reye syndrome in infants, which of the following instructions should be given to parents?

Accepted Answer

A)   Breast-feed infants as long as possible.
B)   Treat fevers with acetaminophen, not aspirin.
C)   Lock up hazardous cleaning agents.
D)   Remove lead paint from the home.

Question 19

A newborn child has a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the occipital area of the skull. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   encephalocele.
B)   meningocele.
C)   arachnoidocele.
D)   anencephalocele.

Question 20

The most common site of HIV infection in children is:

Accepted Answer

A)   the lungs.
B)   the gastrointestinal tract.
C)   the central nervous system.
D)   the skin.

Exam 16: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children