Exam 26: The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development or are incubated by one or both parents. -The shell of an animal egg is analogous to which feature of an angiosperm?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. Infected animals can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. Zoospores are spores of fungi (as well as some algae and protozoans) that use a flagella for swimming locomotion. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. -When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real?

The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1) Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2) Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. 3) Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4) The subsequent decline in Anopheles gambiae should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

Which description applies equally well to fungal spores produced both sexually and asexually? I. They are typically dispersed by wind and water. II. Spores that germinate produce new mycelium. III. They are produced in large numbers.

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. -The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Ecologists often build models to depict the relationships between organisms. In such models, an arrow is used to link two organisms in a relationship. The arrowhead is next to the organism that is affected. If the effect is positive, the arrow is labeled with (+), and if negative, the label is (-). -Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. -How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1) cells of sporangium 2) cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4) cells of a gametophyte

Adaptations in plants to life on land include I. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. II. cuticles. III. tracheids. IV. reduced gametophyte generation. V. multicellular, dependent embryos.

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. -Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?

If humans had been present to build house structures during the Carboniferous period, which plant types would have been possible building materials?

In phylogenetic tree I, which group of organisms is most directly related to the common ancestor of the tree?