Question 1

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  fewer predators. 
B)  more intense annual solar radiation. 
C)  more frequent ecological disturbances. 
D)  fewer agents of disease. 
A)  fewer predators. 
B)  more intense annual solar radiation. 
C)  more frequent ecological disturbances. 
D)  fewer agents of disease.

Question 2

What are usually the first photosynthetic organisms to colonize during primary succession?

Accepted Answer

A)  shrubs 
B)  lichens 
C)  trees 
D)  grasses 
A)  shrubs 
B)  lichens 
C)  trees 
D)  grasses

Question 3

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  mutualism 
B)  commensalism 
C)  parasitism 
D)  competition 
E)  predation 
A)  mutualism 
B)  commensalism 
C)  parasitism 
D)  competition 
E)  predation

Question 4

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. 
B)  Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance. 
C)  The environmental conditions become optimal. 
D)  The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity. 
E)  Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species. 
A)  Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. 
B)  Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance. 
C)  The environmental conditions become optimal. 
D)  The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity. 
E)  Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.

Question 5

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by

Accepted Answer

A)  frequent massive disturbance. 
B)  stable conditions with no disturbance. 
C)  moderate levels of disturbance. 
D)  human intervention to eliminate disturbance. 
A)  frequent massive disturbance. 
B)  stable conditions with no disturbance. 
C)  moderate levels of disturbance. 
D)  human intervention to eliminate disturbance.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staghorn coral has been decimated by the pathogen, and elkhorn coral has taken its place. 
B)  Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes has improved. 
C)  Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores. 
D)  Algal species take over, and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity. 
E)  Other coral species take the place of the affected staghorn and elkhorn species. 
A)  Staghorn coral has been decimated by the pathogen, and elkhorn coral has taken its place. 
B)  Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes has improved. 
C)  Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores. 
D)  Algal species take over, and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity. 
E)  Other coral species take the place of the affected staghorn and elkhorn species.

Question 7

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot
Avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  mutualism. 
B)  Batesian mimicry. 
C)  commensalism. 
D)  resource partitioning. 
A)  mutualism. 
B)  Batesian mimicry. 
C)  commensalism. 
D)  resource partitioning.

Question 8

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

Accepted Answer

A)  the "address" of an organism 
B)  an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level 
C)  an organism's "profession" in the community 
D)  the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat 
E)  the interactions of the organism with other members of the community 
A)  the "address" of an organism 
B)  an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level 
C)  an organism's "profession" in the community 
D)  the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat 
E)  the interactions of the organism with other members of the community

Question 9

In a lake with three trophic levels (fish, zooplankton, algae), how might an algal bloom be prevented?

Accepted Answer

A)  Remove the fish. 
B)  Remove the zooplankton. 
C)  Add nutrient fertilizers. 
D)  Add fish. 
A)  Remove the fish. 
B)  Remove the zooplankton. 
C)  Add nutrient fertilizers. 
D)  Add fish.

Question 10

Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance. 
B)  There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities. 
C)  Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude. 
D)  Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities. 
E)  More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities. 
A)  They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance. 
B)  There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities. 
C)  Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude. 
D)  Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities. 
E)  More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.

Question 11

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following question(s).   Figure 41.4
-Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 12

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  pathogen. 
B)  keystone species. 
C)  herbivore. 
D)  resource partitioner. 
E)  mutualistic organism. 
A)  pathogen. 
B)  keystone species. 
C)  herbivore. 
D)  resource partitioner. 
E)  mutualistic organism.

Question 13

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes an interaction that has no effect on the individuals involved. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
-What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

Accepted Answer

A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/- 
A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/-

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

Accepted Answer

A)  highly contrasting bands on a coral snake 
B)  brown or gray color of tree bark 
C)  bright markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings 
D)  orange or yellow colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals 
E)  a walking stick, which is an insect that resembles a twig 
A)  highly contrasting bands on a coral snake 
B)  brown or gray color of tree bark 
C)  bright markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings 
D)  orange or yellow colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals 
E)  a walking stick, which is an insect that resembles a twig

Question 15

The feeding relationships between species in a community is called

Accepted Answer

A)  biomass. 
B)  trophic structure. 
C)  top-down control. 
D)  bottom-up control. 
A)  biomass. 
B)  trophic structure. 
C)  top-down control. 
D)  bottom-up control.

Question 16

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes an interaction that has no effect on the individuals involved. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
-What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite?

Accepted Answer

A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/- 
A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/-

Question 17

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary succession. 
B)  ecological niche. 
C)  species richness. 
D)  trophic structure. 
A)  secondary succession. 
B)  ecological niche. 
C)  species richness. 
D)  trophic structure.

Question 18

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes an interaction that has no effect on the individuals involved. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
-What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots?

Accepted Answer

A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/- 
A)  +/+ 
B)  +/0 
C)  +/- 
D)  0/0 
E)  -/-

Question 19

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk toward the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  competitive exclusion 
B)  resource partitioning 
C)  character displacement 
D)  keystone species 
E)  bottom-up and top-down hypotheses 
A)  competitive exclusion 
B)  resource partitioning 
C)  character displacement 
D)  keystone species 
E)  bottom-up and top-down hypotheses

Question 20

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

Accepted Answer

A)  More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats. 
B)  Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. 
C)  Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. 
D)  Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. 
E)  New environments are almost always smaller in area, so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts. 
A)  More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats. 
B)  Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. 
C)  Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. 
D)  Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. 
E)  New environments are almost always smaller in area, so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts.

Exam 41: Species Interactions

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of

What are usually the first photosynthetic organisms to colonize during primary succession?

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by

Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs?

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

In a lake with three trophic levels (fish, zooplankton, algae), how might an algal bloom be prevented?

Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following question(s). Figure 41.4 -Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

The feeding relationships between species in a community is called

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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