Exam 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

Which of the following secondary reinforcers has considerable power over people's behavior?

In the late 1800s,Edward Thorndike set the stage for operant conditioning procedures when he observed cats as they tried to escape from a puzzle box to get a scrap of fish.

_______________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

_______________ helps explain why Shannon thinks that she will shoot more baskets if she remembers to have her mom carry the small "basketball" figurine Shannon has had since childhood.

Punishment occurs every day in families,schools,and workplaces.But often the intended results fail to occur.Explain,in detail,six reasons why punishment fails.When punishment must be used,what guidelines should be followed?

The week after she earns her driver's license,16-year-old Hannah arrives home an hour after curfew.As a consequence,Hannah must wash the car on Saturday and is not allowed to drive it for a week.Washing the car is a _______________ and losing driving privileges is a _______________.

Research cited in your text found that fines and probation were about as effective as jail time.

Counterconditioning occurs when a learned response reoccurs after its apparent extinction.

When one is first acquiring a response,learning is usually most rapid under an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

Elton's mother has been nagging and nagging that he should stop fooling around with his guitar and start studying.Finally,in order to stop her nagging,Elton complies and hits the books.This example illustrates _______________.

Through classical conditioning procedures,slugs have been trained to associate the smell of carrots with a bitter-tasting chemical.

Extrinsic reinforcers are defined as reinforcers that:

It is interesting to note that the two individuals most closely associated with behaviorism didn't plan the aspects of their research findings that became influential world-wide. Explain how Ivan Pavlov was a famous physiologist,known for his work on digestion,but became renowned for his work on conditioning. Years later,when B.F.Skinner ran low on food pellets for his rats,he made a fortuitous discovery regarding reinforcement schedules.Describe Skinner's research regarding these schedules.

Your text cited the finding that high self esteem improves academic performance.

Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

According to your text,which of the following has been found to be most influential in crime rate changes?

When Danny feeds his fish,he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light.In this example,the ________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.This noise served as the _______________ in their study.

Arthur switches on an aquarium light just before feeding his fish,and the fish always swim to the top as soon as it comes on.Curious,he decides to go a week without turning on the light at feeding time,and then see if the fish still respond to the light by swimming to the top.Arthur is trying to see if _______________ will occur.

In a recent 5 billion dollar lawsuit mentioned in your text,families of victims of a high school shooting blamed______________ for the carnage.