Exam 5: States of Consciousness

Draw on your knowledge of positive and negative reinforcement,punishment,schedules of reinforcement,stimulus control training,discriminative stimuli,shaping,and biological constraints on learning to describe how you might use operant conditioning to train domestic animals-e.g. ,dogs,cats,horses,etc.-to perform desired behaviors.

A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is termed a(n)_____.

In general,_____ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates.

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are CORRECTLY matched with the type of learning it reflects?

Which theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is associated?

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Making specific reference to such terms as UCS,CS,UCR,CR,and stimulus generalization,explain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

_____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

According to the text,exposure to actual firearm violence increases by a factor of _____ the likelihood that an adolescent will commit serious violence within the succeeding two years.

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

Which of the following does the cognitive learning theory emphasize?

Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze.What was the critical result?

An analytic learning style is most likely to be displayed by:

Identify and define the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.Provide day-to-day examples of each of the four schedules.Identify two specific ways that college professors might use our understanding of the schedules to increase the frequency with which students study course materials.

Making reference to neutral,unconditioned,conditioned stimuli,unconditioned,and conditioned responses,distinguish between (a)extinction and spontaneous recovery and (b)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.Give an original example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery,and of either stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.