Question 1

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Accepted Answer

A)  they occur closest to the skin. 
B)  they are slow and prolonged. 
C)  they occur in everyone. 
D)  they are fast. 
A)  they occur closest to the skin. 
B)  they are slow and prolonged. 
C)  they occur in everyone. 
D)  they are fast. D

Question 2

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anaerobic respiration of glucose 
B)  Aerobic respiration of glucose 
C)  Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Anaerobic respiration of glucose 
B)  Aerobic respiration of glucose 
C)  Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids 
D)  All of the above D

Question 3

Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5-10%.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Extracellular fluids have relatively

Accepted Answer

A)  high sodium and low potassium ion concentrations. 
B)  high sodium and high potassium ion concentrations. 
C)  low sodium and low potassium ion concentrations. 
D)  low sodium and high potassium ion concentrations. 
A)  high sodium and low potassium ion concentrations. 
B)  high sodium and high potassium ion concentrations. 
C)  low sodium and low potassium ion concentrations. 
D)  low sodium and high potassium ion concentrations.

Question 6

The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are secreted.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma 
B)  Lymph 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Transcellular fluid 
A)  Plasma 
B)  Lymph 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Transcellular fluid

Question 8

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Accepted Answer

A)  1%. 
B)  10%. 
C)  25%. 
D)  58% 
A)  1%. 
B)  10%. 
C)  25%. 
D)  58%

Question 9

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in

Accepted Answer

A)  the cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eyes. 
C)  the synovial fluid of the joints. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  the cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eyes. 
C)  the synovial fluid of the joints. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 10

Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood

Accepted Answer

A)  below 7.35 
B)  above 7.35 
C)  below 7.45 
D)  above 7.45 
A)  below 7.35 
B)  above 7.35 
C)  below 7.45 
D)  above 7.45

Question 11

Hypernatremia

Accepted Answer

A)  can be caused by high fever. 
B)  can be caused by low levels of ADH. 
C)  causes confusion, stupor, and coma. 
D)  is all of the above. 
A)  can be caused by high fever. 
B)  can be caused by low levels of ADH. 
C)  causes confusion, stupor, and coma. 
D)  is all of the above.

Question 12

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

Accepted Answer

A)  actively reabsorbed. 
B)  passively reabsorbed. 
C)  secreted. 
D)  reabsorbed. 
A)  actively reabsorbed. 
B)  passively reabsorbed. 
C)  secreted. 
D)  reabsorbed.

Question 13

The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a _____ _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water...

Question 14

Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has

Accepted Answer

A)  more water and more adipose tissue. 
B)  more water and less adipose tissue. 
C)  less water and more adipose tissue. 
D)  less water and less adipose tissue. 
A)  more water and more adipose tissue. 
B)  more water and less adipose tissue. 
C)  less water and more adipose tissue. 
D)  less water and less adipose tissue.

Question 15

Hyperventilation leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory acidosis. 
B)  respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  metabolic acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. 
A)  respiratory acidosis. 
B)  respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  metabolic acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis.

Question 16

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bicarbonate buffer 
B)  Phosphate buffer 
C)  Protein buffer 
D)  Renal mechanism 
A)  Bicarbonate buffer 
B)  Phosphate buffer 
C)  Protein buffer 
D)  Renal mechanism

Question 18

Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubule and the _____ duct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The volume of urine produced is regulated...

Question 20

Arterial blood with a pH above 7.45 produces _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Arterial blood with a pH above 7.45...

Exam 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Based Balance

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions.

The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5-10%.

Extracellular fluids have relatively

The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are secreted.

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in

Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood

Hypernatremia

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a _____ _____.

Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has

Hyperventilation leads to

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules.

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubule and the _____ duct.

Arterial blood with a pH above 7.45 produces _____________.

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chemical Basis of Life

Cells

Cellular Metabolism

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Joints of the Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function

Nervous System II: Division of the Nervous System

Nervous System III: Senses

Endocrine System

Blood

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Digestive System

Nutrition and Metabolism

Respiratory System

Urinary System

Reproductive Systems

Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

Genetics and Genomics

Filters

The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a _ _.