Question 1

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypothermia 
B) Low levels of ADH 
C) Hot skin, lack of sweating, and kidney failure 
D) Extreme retention of water 
A) Hypothermia 
B) Low levels of ADH 
C) Hot skin, lack of sweating, and kidney failure 
D) Extreme retention of water

Question 2

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl)are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

Accepted Answer

A) Six osmoles per liter 
B) Three osmoles per liter 
C) Four osmoles per liter 
D) Five osmoles per liter 
A) Six osmoles per liter 
B) Three osmoles per liter 
C) Four osmoles per liter 
D) Five osmoles per liter

Question 4

A nurse is administering a high-concentration potassium solution to a patient with a diet-based potassium deficiency. Unaware of the initial treatment, another nurse administers a drug that inhibits secretion of aldosterone to treat the same deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypokalemia 
B) Hypocalcemia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hyperkalemia 
A) Hypokalemia 
B) Hypocalcemia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hyperkalemia

Question 5

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Accepted Answer

A) they occur closest to the skin. 
B) they are slow and prolonged. 
C) they occur in everyone. 
D) they are fast. 
A) they occur closest to the skin. 
B) they are slow and prolonged. 
C) they occur in everyone. 
D) they are fast.

Question 7

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

Accepted Answer

A) Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation and release of calcium from bones 
B) Cardiac arrhythmia caused by lack of calcium 
C) High concentration of calcium excreted in the urine 
D) High plasma phosphate concentration 
A) Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation and release of calcium from bones 
B) Cardiac arrhythmia caused by lack of calcium 
C) High concentration of calcium excreted in the urine 
D) High plasma phosphate concentration

Question 8

Hyperventilation leads to

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis. 
A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 9

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Removing the parathyroid glands 
B) Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts 
C) Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys 
D) Avoiding foods that are high in calcium 
A) Removing the parathyroid glands 
B) Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts 
C) Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys 
D) Avoiding foods that are high in calcium

Question 10

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A) prolonged vomiting of only stomach contents. 
B) respiratory obstructions. 
C) pneumonia. 
D) prolonged diarrhea. 
A) prolonged vomiting of only stomach contents. 
B) respiratory obstructions. 
C) pneumonia. 
D) prolonged diarrhea.

Question 11

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) Distension of her stomach by the loss of blood will trigger thirst. 
B) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and make her feel thirsty. 
C) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and stop her from feeling thirsty. 
D) The renin-angiotensin system will release hormones to stop her from feeling thirsty. 
A) Distension of her stomach by the loss of blood will trigger thirst. 
B) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and make her feel thirsty. 
C) Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and stop her from feeling thirsty. 
D) The renin-angiotensin system will release hormones to stop her from feeling thirsty.

Question 12

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

Accepted Answer

A) ADH. 
B) angiotensinogen. 
C) renin. 
D) a diuretic. 
A) ADH. 
B) angiotensinogen. 
C) renin. 
D) a diuretic.

Question 13

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The volume of urine produced is regulated...

Question 14

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Accepted Answer

A) Plasma 
B) Lymph 
C) Interstitial fluid 
D) Transcellular fluid 
A) Plasma 
B) Lymph 
C) Interstitial fluid 
D) Transcellular fluid

Question 15

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

Accepted Answer

A) 500 
B) 1,000 
C) 1,500 
D) 2,500 
A) 500 
B) 1,000 
C) 1,500 
D) 2,500

Question 16

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Accepted Answer

A) 1%. 
B) 10%. 
C) 25%. 
D) 58%. 
A) 1%. 
B) 10%. 
C) 25%. 
D) 58%.

Question 17

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

Accepted Answer

A) The bicarbonate of sodium bicarbonate binds to hydrogen atoms in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH while neutralizing acid. 
B) The sodium of sodium bicarbonate binds to OH⁻ in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH, neutralizing acid. 
C) NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into Na⁺ + HCO₃⁻. Then, HCO₃⁻ breaks down into  H⁺, CO₂, and C. 
D) NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into  Na⁺ and H₂CO₃. Then, H₂CO₃ breaks down into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻. 
A) The bicarbonate of sodium bicarbonate binds to hydrogen atoms in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH while neutralizing acid. 
B) The sodium of sodium bicarbonate binds to OH⁻ in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH, neutralizing acid. 
C) NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into Na⁺ + HCO₃⁻. Then, HCO₃⁻ breaks down into  H⁺, CO₂, and C. 
D) NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into  Na⁺ and H₂CO₃. Then, H₂CO₃ breaks down into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻.

Question 19

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which of the following examples has a low water content?

Accepted Answer

A) The intracellular environment 
B) Adipose tissue 
C) The biceps brachii muscle 
D) The vitreous humor of the eye 
A) The intracellular environment 
B) Adipose tissue 
C) The biceps brachii muscle 
D) The vitreous humor of the eye

Exam 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl)are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

Hyperventilation leads to

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Which of the following examples has a low water content?

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