Exam 4: Psychopharmacology

 Of the small-molecule neurochemicals, some are removed from the synapse by reuptake while others are inactivated by enzymes first. Recognizing that some molecules used in transmission have faster and briefer signals than others, discuss how you think the mechanism of inactivation plays a role in this.

 The compound anandamide is an endogenous

 Morphine and heroin are opioids, and as such they exert their effects by

 A neurohormone is released by neurons into the blood and travels through the blood to activate target cells that have receptors for the neurohormone.

 Your friend has a prescription for Valium that she takes for anxiety. She has taken Valium before the party you and she are attending. When she gets to the party, you see her heading for the bar. Based on what you have learned so far in this course, which of the following would you tell her?

 Small-molecule neurochemicals are typically synthesized in the ________, but neuropeptides are synthesized in the ______.

 Upon release into the synapse, neuropeptides differ from small-molecule transmitters as they

 Given the typical symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADHD), the primary of which involves difficulty paying attention, which of the following neurochemicals do you think would be involved?

 Cocaine and amphetamine differ from one another in that

 ?(see Figure 4.11c) This image on the left illustrates the activation of which of the following types of receptor?  

 A chemical messenger released from the hypothalamus that acts on cells in the pituitary is a

 Suppose that a researcher has developed a new drug for the treatment of ADHD. How would you design an appropriate test to ensure that the drug was effective?

 During the synthesis of the neurochemical _________, a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PNMT).

 Due to a very high level of stress and arousal, Kim is having difficulty getting to sleep at night. The activity of which of the following neurochemicals might be participating in Kim's sleeping problem?

 ?(see Figure 4.11c) In the process illustrated in this figure, the binding of neurochemical coupled with the activation of a nearby receptor leads to the ejection of a molecule of ____________________, allowing ____________________ and ____________________ to enter the cell. ?

 Dr. Watts has discovered a new chemical that blocks adenosine receptors. When rats are injected with the new chemical, what is Dr. Watts likely to observe?

 Small-molecule neurochemicals and neuropeptides are used by neurons in synaptic communication. But beyond the commonality of both being used in synaptic communication, there are substantial differences in how they are used. Compare the mechanism of action and inactivation for small-molecule neurochemicals and neuropeptides, discussing duration of effect, inactivation, and other differences in these mechanisms.

 The neurochemical ACh is synthesized from

 Relative to neurons using other neurochemicals, serotonergic neurons

 Rats receiving overdoses of heroin