Question 1

Design an experiment using -omic methods to test how Escherichia coli adapts to different growth temperatures.

Accepted Answer

One could grow E.coli in identical flask

Question 2

Most mobile DNA consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  transposable elements. 
B)  introns. 
C)  linear chromosomes. 
D)  plasmids. 
A)  transposable elements. 
B)  introns. 
C)  linear chromosomes. 
D)  plasmids.

Question 3

When comparing genes from Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya,which statement is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to eukaryotic genes than to bacterial genes. 
B)  Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to bacterial genes than to eukaryotic genes. 
C)  Genes in Archaea involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation are more similar to those of Eukarya, while those encoding metabolic functions other than information processing are more similar to those of Bacteria. 
D)  Archaeal genes are almost universally unique; very few are similar to either eukaryotic or bacterial genes. 
A)  Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to eukaryotic genes than to bacterial genes. 
B)  Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to bacterial genes than to eukaryotic genes. 
C)  Genes in Archaea involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation are more similar to those of Eukarya, while those encoding metabolic functions other than information processing are more similar to those of Bacteria. 
D)  Archaeal genes are almost universally unique; very few are similar to either eukaryotic or bacterial genes.

Question 4

Explain horizontal gene transfer and demonstrate how this phenomenon has complicated evolutionary studies using a diagram that illustrates phylogenetic relationships between organisms and genes.

Accepted Answer

Horizontal (or lateral)gene transfer inv

Question 5

Explain why organisms undergoing rapid evolutionary change often contain relatively large numbers of mobile DNA elements,whereas once organisms settle into a stable evolutionary niche,most of these mobile elements are lost.

Accepted Answer

Genome diversity is likely to be high du

Question 6

You want to know whether the virulence genes present in Bordetella pertussis are evolutionarily related to genes in the less pathogenic species B.bronchiseptica or if the virulence genes were acquired via horizontal gene transfer.What characteristic(s)would you compare to answer this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  percentage of GC content and codon usage 
B)  genome size and number of introns 
C)  number of genes in the pan genome 
D)  ribosomal binding site and intron sequence 
A)  percentage of GC content and codon usage 
B)  genome size and number of introns 
C)  number of genes in the pan genome 
D)  ribosomal binding site and intron sequence

Question 7

A surprising finding of environmental metagenomic studies is that a majority of genes in the environment are

Accepted Answer

A)  from microbes grown in the lab. 
B)  viral in origin. 
C)  eukaryotic in origin. 
D)  from extinct microorganisms. 
A)  from microbes grown in the lab. 
B)  viral in origin. 
C)  eukaryotic in origin. 
D)  from extinct microorganisms.

Question 8

Despite having smaller genomes,the protozoans Paramecium and Trichomonas have significantly more genes than humans.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Horizontal gene transfer

Accepted Answer

A)  is rare and only occurs between closely related strains. 
B)  is common and may sometime occur between unrelated organisms. 
C)  does not provide an advantage to organisms. 
D)  only occurs in prokaryotes. 
A)  is rare and only occurs between closely related strains. 
B)  is common and may sometime occur between unrelated organisms. 
C)  does not provide an advantage to organisms. 
D)  only occurs in prokaryotes.

Question 10

Gene function is annotated based on homology between the ORFs of a genome and proteins whose function has been proven experimentally.What "-omic" approach could help us determine the function and structure of proteins encoded by uncharacterized ORFs?

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolomics 
B)  metagenomics 
C)  transcriptomics 
D)  proteomics 
A)  metabolomics 
B)  metagenomics 
C)  transcriptomics 
D)  proteomics

Question 11

Microorganisms that grow in extreme environments typically contain larger genomes when compared to microbes that grow in non-extreme environments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The total genetic complement of ALL cells within a microbial community is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  chromosomal island. 
B)  interactome. 
C)  metagenome. 
D)  metabolome. 
A)  chromosomal island. 
B)  interactome. 
C)  metagenome. 
D)  metabolome.

Question 13

Explain why the proteome is NOT defined as "all the proteins encoded by an organism's genome."

Accepted Answer

Certain proteins might not be synthesize

Question 14

Compounds such as pyruvate,acetyl-CoA,fructose-6-phosphate,oxaloacetate,and other small organic compounds could be part of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  metagenome. 
B)  metabolome. 
C)  interactome. 
D)  transcriptome. 
A)  metagenome. 
B)  metabolome. 
C)  interactome. 
D)  transcriptome.

Question 15

Explain how codon bias and GC content can be used to detect horizontal gene transfer within a genome.

Accepted Answer

If an organism rarely uses a particular

Question 16

It is generally accepted that independent mutation rather than gene duplication is the mechanism for evolution of most new genes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Based on the table of average intron frequency given below,predict the relative order of genome size for these four eukaryotic organisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  Homo sapiens > Arabidopsis thaliana > Plasmodium falciparum > Cryptosporidium parvum 
B)  Cryptosporidium parvum > Plasmodium falciparum > Arabidopsis thaliana > Homo sapiens 
C)  Homo sapiens > Cryptosporidium parvum > Plasmodium falciparum > Arabidopsis thaliana 
D)  Intron frequency cannot be used to predict genome size in eukaryotes. 
A)  Homo sapiens > Arabidopsis thaliana > Plasmodium falciparum > Cryptosporidium parvum 
B)  Cryptosporidium parvum > Plasmodium falciparum > Arabidopsis thaliana > Homo sapiens 
C)  Homo sapiens > Cryptosporidium parvum > Plasmodium falciparum > Arabidopsis thaliana 
D)  Intron frequency cannot be used to predict genome size in eukaryotes.

Question 18

The evolutionary origin of mitochondria is demonstrated by which of the following key genomic characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  variable numbers of protein-encoding genes 
B)  large stretches of AT-rich DNA 
C)  linear and circular genome structure in different organisms 
D)  rRNA genes most closely related to Bacteria 
A)  variable numbers of protein-encoding genes 
B)  large stretches of AT-rich DNA 
C)  linear and circular genome structure in different organisms 
D)  rRNA genes most closely related to Bacteria

Question 19

Chromosomal rearrangements due to insertion sequences have apparently contributed to the evolution of several human pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Comparative genomics helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: Microbial Genomics

Design an experiment using -omic methods to test how Escherichia coli adapts to different growth temperatures.

Most mobile DNA consists of

When comparing genes from Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya,which statement is TRUE?

Explain horizontal gene transfer and demonstrate how this phenomenon has complicated evolutionary studies using a diagram that illustrates phylogenetic relationships between organisms and genes.

Explain why organisms undergoing rapid evolutionary change often contain relatively large numbers of mobile DNA elements,whereas once organisms settle into a stable evolutionary niche,most of these mobile elements are lost.

You want to know whether the virulence genes present in Bordetella pertussis are evolutionarily related to genes in the less pathogenic species B.bronchiseptica or if the virulence genes were acquired via horizontal gene transfer.What characteristic(s)would you compare to answer this question?

A surprising finding of environmental metagenomic studies is that a majority of genes in the environment are

Despite having smaller genomes,the protozoans Paramecium and Trichomonas have significantly more genes than humans.

Horizontal gene transfer

Gene function is annotated based on homology between the ORFs of a genome and proteins whose function has been proven experimentally.What "-omic" approach could help us determine the function and structure of proteins encoded by uncharacterized ORFs?

Microorganisms that grow in extreme environments typically contain larger genomes when compared to microbes that grow in non-extreme environments.

The total genetic complement of ALL cells within a microbial community is called a(n)

Explain why the proteome is NOT defined as "all the proteins encoded by an organism's genome."

Compounds such as pyruvate,acetyl-CoA,fructose-6-phosphate,oxaloacetate,and other small organic compounds could be part of a(n)

Explain how codon bias and GC content can be used to detect horizontal gene transfer within a genome.

It is generally accepted that independent mutation rather than gene duplication is the mechanism for evolution of most new genes.

Based on the table of average intron frequency given below,predict the relative order of genome size for these four eukaryotic organisms.

The evolutionary origin of mitochondria is demonstrated by which of the following key genomic characteristics?

Chromosomal rearrangements due to insertion sequences have apparently contributed to the evolution of several human pathogens.

Comparative genomics helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

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