Question 1

Codon usage and even the genetic code itself varies from one organism to the next.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Genomes of species in both Bacteria and Archaea show a strong correlation between genome size and

Accepted Answer

A)  noncoding RNA. 
B)  codon bias. 
C)  number of ORFs. 
D)  number of introns. 
A)  noncoding RNA. 
B)  codon bias. 
C)  number of ORFs. 
D)  number of introns.

Question 3

The pan genome of a species is the genomic content that is

Accepted Answer

A)  common to all strains of the same species. 
B)  present in one or more strains of the same species. 
C)  shared with all other prokaryotes. 
D)  hypothetical or uncharacterized genome content of a species. 
A)  common to all strains of the same species. 
B)  present in one or more strains of the same species. 
C)  shared with all other prokaryotes. 
D)  hypothetical or uncharacterized genome content of a species.

Question 4

The core genome of a prokaryotic species is the genomic content that is

Accepted Answer

A)  unique compared to all other prokaryotes. 
B)  expressed under all environmental conditions. 
C)  shared between all other prokaryotes. 
D)  shared between all strains of a species. 
A)  unique compared to all other prokaryotes. 
B)  expressed under all environmental conditions. 
C)  shared between all other prokaryotes. 
D)  shared between all strains of a species.

Question 5

The advantage(s)of second-generation DNA sequencing compared to the Sanger method are the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  miniaturization of reaction size. 
B)  increased computing power. 
C)  increased length of DNA sequences obtained. 
D)  miniaturization of reaction size and increased computer power. 
A)  miniaturization of reaction size. 
B)  increased computing power. 
C)  increased length of DNA sequences obtained. 
D)  miniaturization of reaction size and increased computer power.

Question 6

Paralogs always have the same function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A computer program recognizes an ORF by looking for ribosomal binding sites,start codons,and stop codons with an appropriate number of nucleotides between each element.What is a drawback of this approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Too many ORFS are identified, most of which are stretches on non-coding junk DNA. 
B)  Codon bias causes incorrect annotations. 
C)  Unusual, but legitimate genes and non-coding RNA may be missed. 
D)  We lack the computing power to complete the analyses in a timely manner, thus many genomes are only partially annotated. 
A)  Too many ORFS are identified, most of which are stretches on non-coding junk DNA. 
B)  Codon bias causes incorrect annotations. 
C)  Unusual, but legitimate genes and non-coding RNA may be missed. 
D)  We lack the computing power to complete the analyses in a timely manner, thus many genomes are only partially annotated.

Question 8

Horizontal gene transfer has been thoroughly documented for genes involved in

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA replication and repair. 
B)  virulence and metabolic functions. 
C)  only very few processes. 
D)  translation. 
A)  DNA replication and repair. 
B)  virulence and metabolic functions. 
C)  only very few processes. 
D)  translation.

Question 9

Many of the genes in the chloroplast genome encode proteins involved in ________,whereas mitochondrial genomes primarily encode proteins involved in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  autotrophy / DNA replication 
B)  photosynthesis / glycolysis 
C)  autotrophy / glycolysis 
D)  photosynthesis / oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  autotrophy / DNA replication 
B)  photosynthesis / glycolysis 
C)  autotrophy / glycolysis 
D)  photosynthesis / oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

When analyzing the sequence of genes similar to ones already known,why is the amino acid sequence of the protein more important than the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Over evolutionary time,a nucleotide sequ

Question 11

Genes from different sources that are related in sequence due to shared evolutionary ancestry are called ________ genes,and groups of such genes are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  homologous / gene families 
B)  paralogous / functional genes 
C)  orthologous / gene families 
D)  homologous / functional genes 
A)  homologous / gene families 
B)  paralogous / functional genes 
C)  orthologous / gene families 
D)  homologous / functional genes

Question 12

Why are the words "about" and "approximately" used in discussing the results of genomic analysis? Predict what advances in knowledge or methods could change our understanding of a genome sequence.

Accepted Answer

As genome sequence analysis becomes more

Question 13

The entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  array. 
B)  genome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  transcriptome. 
A)  array. 
B)  genome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  transcriptome.

Question 14

Chromosomal islands contain clusters of genes for

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA repair and replication. 
B)  virulence, biodegradation of pollutants, and symbiotic relationships. 
C)  catabolic and anabolic reactions. 
D)  antibiotic resistance. 
A)  DNA repair and replication. 
B)  virulence, biodegradation of pollutants, and symbiotic relationships. 
C)  catabolic and anabolic reactions. 
D)  antibiotic resistance.

Question 15

In general,prokaryotic genome size is correlated to lifestyle.Which type of prokaryote typically has the smallest genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  parasite 
B)  endosymbiont 
C)  autotroph 
D)  free-living heterotroph 
A)  parasite 
B)  endosymbiont 
C)  autotroph 
D)  free-living heterotroph

Question 16

Explain why larger genomes contain more genes devoted to regulation than smaller genomes and why these genes increase the competitiveness of organisms.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary,but one explanation is

Question 17

Summarize the evolution of sequencing technology beginning with the Sanger method.

Accepted Answer

The first generation of DNA sequencing u

Question 18

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

With modern molecular techniques,it is now possible to completely assemble a genome from a single cell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Reconstructing evolutionary relationships helps in differentiating between primitive and derived characteristics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: Microbial Genomics

Codon usage and even the genetic code itself varies from one organism to the next.

Genomes of species in both Bacteria and Archaea show a strong correlation between genome size and

The pan genome of a species is the genomic content that is

The core genome of a prokaryotic species is the genomic content that is

The advantage(s)of second-generation DNA sequencing compared to the Sanger method are the result of

Paralogs always have the same function.

A computer program recognizes an ORF by looking for ribosomal binding sites,start codons,and stop codons with an appropriate number of nucleotides between each element.What is a drawback of this approach?

Horizontal gene transfer has been thoroughly documented for genes involved in

Many of the genes in the chloroplast genome encode proteins involved in ________,whereas mitochondrial genomes primarily encode proteins involved in ________.

When analyzing the sequence of genes similar to ones already known,why is the amino acid sequence of the protein more important than the DNA sequence?

Genes from different sources that are related in sequence due to shared evolutionary ancestry are called ________ genes,and groups of such genes are known as ________.

Why are the words "about" and "approximately" used in discussing the results of genomic analysis? Predict what advances in knowledge or methods could change our understanding of a genome sequence.

The entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions is called a(n)

Chromosomal islands contain clusters of genes for

In general,prokaryotic genome size is correlated to lifestyle.Which type of prokaryote typically has the smallest genome?

Explain why larger genomes contain more genes devoted to regulation than smaller genomes and why these genes increase the competitiveness of organisms.

Summarize the evolution of sequencing technology beginning with the Sanger method.

Based on the evolutionary tree shown below,RubisCO Form II and RLP beta are orthologs. RLP alpha | RLP beta Ancestral gene | | RLP ancestor | | | | | Duplicate gene | RubisCO Form II | | RubisCO ancestor RubisCO Form I | | RubisCO Duplicate | RubisCO Form III

With modern molecular techniques,it is now possible to completely assemble a genome from a single cell.

Reconstructing evolutionary relationships helps in differentiating between primitive and derived characteristics.

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Filters

Many of the genes in the chloroplast genome encode proteins involved in ,whereas mitochondrial genomes primarily encode proteins involved in .

Genes from different sources that are related in sequence due to shared evolutionary ancestry are called genes,and groups of such genes are known as .