Exam 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. ) Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below. -The addition of the new variable to Dr.Elder's study could be thought of as which of the following?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below. -Which of the following best describes Dr.Elder's study?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

Provide two reasons a researcher would want to conduct a factorial study.

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below. -Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to manipulate the pain duration differently.He now has three levels of this variable-two minutes,four minutes,and six minutes.Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design,how does this change the number of cells,main effects,and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes,"we don't live in a main effect world"?

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below. -Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr.Elder conducted a factorial design?

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. ) Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below. -Based on the graphs above,Dr.Elder should conclude which of the following?

In the case of a factorial design,another term for independent variable is:

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below. -Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction is often described by saying "it depends."

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition,they are most likely describing which of the following?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?