Question 1

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

Accepted Answer

A) half the amount that is lost. 
B) about equal to the amount lost. 
C) twice the amount lost. 
D) unrelated to the amount of water lost. 
A) half the amount that is lost. 
B) about equal to the amount lost. 
C) twice the amount lost. 
D) unrelated to the amount of water lost. B

Question 2

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypotension 
B) Muscular cramps 
C) Increased urinary calcium excretion 
D) Increased urinary output of potassium 
A) Hypotension 
B) Muscular cramps 
C) Increased urinary calcium excretion 
D) Increased urinary output of potassium C

Question 3

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes 
B) Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes 
C) Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes 
D) Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes 
A) Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes 
B) Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes 
C) Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes 
D) Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes A

Question 4

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) Normal tissue metabolism 
B) Ingestion of highly acidic foods 
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions 
D) Reabsorption of bicarbonate 
A) Normal tissue metabolism 
B) Ingestion of highly acidic foods 
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions 
D) Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Question 5

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased bicarbonate 
B) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased bicarbonate 
D) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
A) Increased bicarbonate 
B) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased bicarbonate 
D) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 6

For the average woman, _____ ml/day would meet fluid needs.

Accepted Answer

A) 1500 
B) 1700 
C) 2700 
D) 3500 
A) 1500 
B) 1700 
C) 2700 
D) 3500

Question 7

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

Accepted Answer

A) additional fluids and electrolytes. 
B) additional electrolytes. 
C) more concentrated urine. 
D) more dilute urine. 
A) additional fluids and electrolytes. 
B) additional electrolytes. 
C) more concentrated urine. 
D) more dilute urine.

Question 8

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

Accepted Answer

A) Fruits and vegetables 
B) Saltwater fish 
C) Grains 
D) Cereals 
A) Fruits and vegetables 
B) Saltwater fish 
C) Grains 
D) Cereals

Question 9

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

Accepted Answer

A) fresh vegetables. 
B) frozen vegetables. 
C) fresh meats. 
D) luncheon meats. 
A) fresh vegetables. 
B) frozen vegetables. 
C) fresh meats. 
D) luncheon meats.

Question 10

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

Accepted Answer

A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Respiratory acidosis 
C) Metabolic alkalosis 
D) Metabolic acidosis 
A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Respiratory acidosis 
C) Metabolic alkalosis 
D) Metabolic acidosis

Question 11

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Low serum potassium because water is retained 
B) Low serum sodium because water is retained 
C) High serum potassium because water is excreted 
D) High serum sodium because water is excreted 
A) Low serum potassium because water is retained 
B) Low serum sodium because water is retained 
C) High serum potassium because water is excreted 
D) High serum sodium because water is excreted

Question 12

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

A) Lungs 
B) Liver 
C) Kidneys 
D) Adrenal glands 
A) Lungs 
B) Liver 
C) Kidneys 
D) Adrenal glands

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulation of bicarbonate 
B) Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide 
C) Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism 
D) Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs 
A) Accumulation of bicarbonate 
B) Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide 
C) Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism 
D) Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Question 14

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

A) Increase in serum osmolality 
B) Decrease in serum osmolality 
C) Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume 
D) Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume 
A) Increase in serum osmolality 
B) Decrease in serum osmolality 
C) Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume 
D) Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Question 15

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A) Phosphate 
B) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid 
C) Hydrogen 
D) Protein 
A) Phosphate 
B) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid 
C) Hydrogen 
D) Protein

Question 16

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

Accepted Answer

A) Within body cells and the lymphatic system 
B) Within body cells 
C) Between and around body cells 
D) In the blood and the lymphatic system 
A) Within body cells and the lymphatic system 
B) Within body cells 
C) Between and around body cells 
D) In the blood and the lymphatic system

Question 17

Which effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased volume of the brain cells 
B) Hypertension 
C) Decreased circulating blood volume 
D) Increased urinary output 
A) Increased volume of the brain cells 
B) Hypertension 
C) Decreased circulating blood volume 
D) Increased urinary output

Question 18

Refeeding syndrome can result in

Accepted Answer

A) low serum phosphorus. 
B) low serum magnesium. 
C) death. 
D) all of the above. 
A) low serum phosphorus. 
B) low serum magnesium. 
C) death. 
D) all of the above.

Question 19

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

Accepted Answer

A) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 3 ml/kcal for infants. 
B) 0.5 ml/kcal for adults and infants. 
C) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 1 ml/kcal for infants. 
D) 1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants. 
A) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 3 ml/kcal for infants. 
B) 0.5 ml/kcal for adults and infants. 
C) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 1 ml/kcal for infants. 
D) 1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants.

Question 20

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
B) Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
D) Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
A) Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
B) Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
D) Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Exam 6: Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

For the average woman, _____ ml/day would meet fluid needs.

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

Which effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

Refeeding syndrome can result in

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

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