Question 1

What term did E. O. Wilson coin for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) bioremediation 
B) bioethics 
C) biophilia 
D) biophobia 
E) landscape ecology 
A) bioremediation 
B) bioethics 
C) biophilia 
D) biophobia 
E) landscape ecology

Question 2

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that

Accepted Answer

A) its habitat is fragmented. 
B) it is a rare, top-level predator. 
C) its effective population size is much lower than its total population size. 
D) its genetic diversity is very low. 
E) it is not well adapted to edge conditions. 
A) its habitat is fragmented. 
B) it is a rare, top-level predator. 
C) its effective population size is much lower than its total population size. 
D) its genetic diversity is very low. 
E) it is not well adapted to edge conditions.

Question 3

Which of the following is true about "hot spots"?

Accepted Answer

A) One-third of all species on Earth occupy less than 1.5% of Earth's land area (hot spots). 
B) All of the plants and animals containing genes that may be useful to humankind are located in Earth's hot spots. 
C) Around 75% of all of the undiscovered species of organisms live in ecological hot spots. 
D) As conservation measures improve over the next ten years, hot spots will likely disappear. 
E) The hot spots that are in most dire need of remediation are located in the tundra. 
A) One-third of all species on Earth occupy less than 1.5% of Earth's land area (hot spots). 
B) All of the plants and animals containing genes that may be useful to humankind are located in Earth's hot spots. 
C) Around 75% of all of the undiscovered species of organisms live in ecological hot spots. 
D) As conservation measures improve over the next ten years, hot spots will likely disappear. 
E) The hot spots that are in most dire need of remediation are located in the tundra.

Question 4

The word triage originated during World War I and was first used by French doctors in prioritizing patients based on the severity of their wounds, because there were more wounded soldiers in need of urgent care than there were resources to treat them. Conservation biologists have to make similar determinations with degraded ecosystems. Which of the following is the most important consideration when it comes to managing for maintenance of biodiversity?

Accepted Answer

A) identifying large, high-profile vertebrates first, because steps to saving them would be most recognized by the public 
B) determining which species is most important for conserving biodiversity as a whole 
C) replanting suitable habitat for fauna 
D) assessing the economic costs and the gains for society 
E) maintaining optimum size of all populations in the ecosystem 
A) identifying large, high-profile vertebrates first, because steps to saving them would be most recognized by the public 
B) determining which species is most important for conserving biodiversity as a whole 
C) replanting suitable habitat for fauna 
D) assessing the economic costs and the gains for society 
E) maintaining optimum size of all populations in the ecosystem

Question 5

To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to

Accepted Answer

A) monitor atmospheric carbon dioxide levels more closely. 
B) differentiate between plant extinction and animal extinction numbers. 
C) focus on identifying more species of mammals and birds. 
D) identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth. 
E) use the average extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline. 
A) monitor atmospheric carbon dioxide levels more closely. 
B) differentiate between plant extinction and animal extinction numbers. 
C) focus on identifying more species of mammals and birds. 
D) identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth. 
E) use the average extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline.

Question 6

Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of zoned reserves?

Accepted Answer

A) Costa Rica 
B) Canada 
C) China 
D) United States 
E) Mexico 
A) Costa Rica 
B) Canada 
C) China 
D) United States 
E) Mexico

Question 7

Which of the following groups is most threatened by global extinctions?

Accepted Answer

A) mammals 
B) birds 
C) fish 
D) amphibians 
E) plants 
A) mammals 
B) birds 
C) fish 
D) amphibians 
E) plants

Question 8

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-Study the information above about quail habitats. Which of these represents the best quail habitat in terms of fragmentation and edge?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 9

Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses?

Accepted Answer

A) Their cost is difficult to estimate and people take them for granted. 
B) They are not worth much and are usually not considered. 
C) There are no laws that require investigation of ecosystem services in environmental planning. 
D) There are too many variables to ecosystem services, making their calculation impossible. 
E) Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments. 
A) Their cost is difficult to estimate and people take them for granted. 
B) They are not worth much and are usually not considered. 
C) There are no laws that require investigation of ecosystem services in environmental planning. 
D) There are too many variables to ecosystem services, making their calculation impossible. 
E) Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments.

Question 10

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss?

Accepted Answer

A) Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants in fragmented habitats. 
B) In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes place. 
C) Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction. 
D) Animals are forced out of smaller habitat fragments. 
E) Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms. 
A) Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants in fragmented habitats. 
B) In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes place. 
C) Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction. 
D) Animals are forced out of smaller habitat fragments. 
E) Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms.

Question 11

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides. 
B) the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested. 
C) land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor. 
D) grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients. 
E) cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter. 
A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides. 
B) the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested. 
C) land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor. 
D) grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients. 
E) cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter.

Question 12

We should care about loss in biodiversity in the populations of other species because of

Accepted Answer

A) biophilia. 
B) potential loss of medicines and other products yet undiscovered from threatened species. 
C) potential loss of genes, some of which may code for proteins useful to humans. 
D) the risk to global ecological stability. 
E) All of the options are correct. 
A) biophilia. 
B) potential loss of medicines and other products yet undiscovered from threatened species. 
C) potential loss of genes, some of which may code for proteins useful to humans. 
D) the risk to global ecological stability. 
E) All of the options are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

Accepted Answer

A) species diversity 
B) biodiversity 
C) genetic diversity 
D) ecosystem diversity 
E) species richness 
A) species diversity 
B) biodiversity 
C) genetic diversity 
D) ecosystem diversity 
E) species richness

Question 14

According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that

Accepted Answer

A) an endangered species is closer to extinction. 
B) a threatened species is closer to extinction. 
C) threatened species are endangered species outside the U.S. borders. 
D) endangered species are mainly tropical. 
E) only endangered species are vertebrates. 
A) an endangered species is closer to extinction. 
B) a threatened species is closer to extinction. 
C) threatened species are endangered species outside the U.S. borders. 
D) endangered species are mainly tropical. 
E) only endangered species are vertebrates.

Question 15

Cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by

Accepted Answer

A) feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the forest/open-field interface. 
B) parasitizing the nests of forest birds, and feeding on open-field insects. 
C) roosting in forest trees, and nesting in grassy fields. 
D) outcompeting other songbird species in fragmented communities. 
E) using forest cover to escape from predators in their normal grassland habitat. 
A) feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the forest/open-field interface. 
B) parasitizing the nests of forest birds, and feeding on open-field insects. 
C) roosting in forest trees, and nesting in grassy fields. 
D) outcompeting other songbird species in fragmented communities. 
E) using forest cover to escape from predators in their normal grassland habitat.

Question 16

For the following questions, match the statement with the appropriate term/phrase.
-This is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

A) depletion of ozone layer 
B) acid precipitation 
C) biological magnification 
D) greenhouse effect 
E) eutrophication 
A) depletion of ozone layer 
B) acid precipitation 
C) biological magnification 
D) greenhouse effect 
E) eutrophication

Question 17

If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following will always be true?

Accepted Answer

A) The population will enter the extinction vortex. 
B) The genetic variation in the population will increase over time. 
C) The genetic variation in the population will decrease over time. 
D) The effective population size will be greater than the actual population size. 
E) The effective population size will be less than the actual population size. 
A) The population will enter the extinction vortex. 
B) The genetic variation in the population will increase over time. 
C) The genetic variation in the population will decrease over time. 
D) The effective population size will be greater than the actual population size. 
E) The effective population size will be less than the actual population size.

Question 18

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?

Accepted Answer

A) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. 
B) Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. 
C) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. 
D) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. 
E) Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors. 
A) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. 
B) Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. 
C) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. 
D) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. 
E) Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors.

Question 19

Which of the following is consistent with forest fragmentation research?

Accepted Answer

A) Productivity is the same in both fragmented forests and forest interiors. 
B) Edge communities consistently have low species diversity. 
C) Forest-interior species show declines in small patch communities. 
D) New-edge species that migrate in do not seem to compete with forest species and often increase biodiversity in fragmented forests. 
E) Species diversity is always lower in fragmented forests when compared to forest interiors in the same region. 
A) Productivity is the same in both fragmented forests and forest interiors. 
B) Edge communities consistently have low species diversity. 
C) Forest-interior species show declines in small patch communities. 
D) New-edge species that migrate in do not seem to compete with forest species and often increase biodiversity in fragmented forests. 
E) Species diversity is always lower in fragmented forests when compared to forest interiors in the same region.

Question 20

The primary difference between the small-population approach (S-PA)and the declining-population approach (D-PA)to biodiversity recovery is

Accepted Answer

A) S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline. 
B) S-PA kicks in for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500. 
C) D-PA would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity. 
D) S-PA would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery. 
E) D-PA would use recently collected population data to calculate an extinction vortex. 
A) S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline. 
B) S-PA kicks in for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500. 
C) D-PA would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity. 
D) S-PA would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery. 
E) D-PA would use recently collected population data to calculate an extinction vortex.

Exam 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change

What term did E. O. Wilson coin for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms?

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that

Which of the following is true about "hot spots"?

To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to

Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of zoned reserves?

Which of the following groups is most threatened by global extinctions?

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -Study the information above about quail habitats. Which of these represents the best quail habitat in terms of fragmentation and edge?

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss?

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because

We should care about loss in biodiversity in the populations of other species because of

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that

Cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by

For the following questions, match the statement with the appropriate term/phrase. -This is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems.

If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following will always be true?

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?

Which of the following is consistent with forest fragmentation research?

The primary difference between the small-population approach (S-PA)and the declining-population approach (D-PA)to biodiversity recovery is

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

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