Question 1

Which is the correct order for processing and integrating sensory stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A) stimuli → sensory neuron → sensory nerve → CNS → PNS 
B) stimuli → sensory nerve → sensory neuron → PNS → CNS 
C) stimuli → sensory neuron → sensory nerve → PNS → CNS 
D) stimuli → sensory nerve → sensory neuron → CNS → PNS 
E) sensory nerve → stimuli → sensory neuron → PNS → CNS 
A) stimuli → sensory neuron → sensory nerve → CNS → PNS 
B) stimuli → sensory nerve → sensory neuron → PNS → CNS 
C) stimuli → sensory neuron → sensory nerve → PNS → CNS 
D) stimuli → sensory nerve → sensory neuron → CNS → PNS 
E) sensory nerve → stimuli → sensory neuron → PNS → CNS

Question 2

A simple nervous system

Accepted Answer

A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision. 
B) includes a minimum of 12 effector neurons. 
C) has information flow in only one direction: toward an integrating centre. 
D) has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating centre. 
E) includes sensory information, an integrating centre, and effectors. 
A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision. 
B) includes a minimum of 12 effector neurons. 
C) has information flow in only one direction: toward an integrating centre. 
D) has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating centre. 
E) includes sensory information, an integrating centre, and effectors.

Question 3

The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) a voltage-gated sodium channel. 
B) a voltage-gated potassium channel. 
C) a ligand-gated sodium channel. 
D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel. 
E) a chemical that inhibits action potentials. 
A) a voltage-gated sodium channel. 
B) a voltage-gated potassium channel. 
C) a ligand-gated sodium channel. 
D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel. 
E) a chemical that inhibits action potentials.

Question 4

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential.
  
-The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label

Accepted Answer

A) A. 
B) B. 
C) C. 
D) D. 
E) E. 
A) A. 
B) B. 
C) C. 
D) D. 
E) E.

Question 5

A cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is

Accepted Answer

A) HCO₃⁻. 
B) Cl⁻. 
C) Ca⁺⁺. 
D) Na⁺. 
E) K⁺. 
A) HCO₃⁻. 
B) Cl⁻. 
C) Ca⁺⁺. 
D) Na⁺. 
E) K⁺.

Question 6

Action potentials move along axons

Accepted Answer

A) more slowly in axons of large than of small diameter. 
B) by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane. 
C) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane. 
D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons. 
E) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions. 
A) more slowly in axons of large than of small diameter. 
B) by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane. 
C) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane. 
D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons. 
E) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions.

Question 7

The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of

Accepted Answer

A) acetylcholine. 
B) epinephrine. 
C) endorphin. 
D) nitric oxide. 
E) GABA. 
A) acetylcholine. 
B) epinephrine. 
C) endorphin. 
D) nitric oxide. 
E) GABA.

Question 8

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

Accepted Answer

A) axonal membrane. 
B) axon hillock. 
C) dendritic membrane. 
D) mitochondrial membrane. 
E) presynaptic membrane. 
A) axonal membrane. 
B) axon hillock. 
C) dendritic membrane. 
D) mitochondrial membrane. 
E) presynaptic membrane.

Question 9

The somatic nervous system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibres, because

Accepted Answer

A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles. 
B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles. 
C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood. 
D) its light pulses activate contraction in the muscles. 
E) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles. 
A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles. 
B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles. 
C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood. 
D) its light pulses activate contraction in the muscles. 
E) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles.

Question 10

The "selectivity" of a particular ion channel refers to its

Accepted Answer

A) permitting passage by positive but not negative ions. 
B) permitting passage by negative but not positive ions. 
C) ability to change its size depending on the ion needing transport. 
D) binding with only one type of neurotransmitter. 
E) permitting passage only to a specific ion. 
A) permitting passage by positive but not negative ions. 
B) permitting passage by negative but not positive ions. 
C) ability to change its size depending on the ion needing transport. 
D) binding with only one type of neurotransmitter. 
E) permitting passage only to a specific ion.

Question 11

Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of

Accepted Answer

A) action potentials. 
B) graded hyperpolarizations. 
C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 
D) threshold potentials. 
E) resting potentials. 
A) action potentials. 
B) graded hyperpolarizations. 
C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 
D) threshold potentials. 
E) resting potentials.

Question 12

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

Accepted Answer

A) acetylcholine. 
B) epinephrine. 
C) glutamate. 
D) nitric oxide. 
E) GABA. 
A) acetylcholine. 
B) epinephrine. 
C) glutamate. 
D) nitric oxide. 
E) GABA.

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
The baseball career of Lou Gehrig, a first baseman for the New York Yankees, ended once he became afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This disease causes the degeneration of motor neurons in the CNS, leading to rapidly progressive weakness, muscle spasticity, and atrophy. Research into the disease has shown that individuals with ALS have higher levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in their serum and spinal fluid when compared to normal individuals.
-The excitatory effect of glutamate can be found in

Accepted Answer

A) postsynaptic cells. 
B) the synapse 
C) the glia. 
D) axon hillocks. 
E) the nodes of Ranvier. 
A) postsynaptic cells. 
B) the synapse 
C) the glia. 
D) axon hillocks. 
E) the nodes of Ranvier.

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
The baseball career of Lou Gehrig, a first baseman for the New York Yankees, ended once he became afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This disease causes the degeneration of motor neurons in the CNS, leading to rapidly progressive weakness, muscle spasticity, and atrophy. Research into the disease has shown that individuals with ALS have higher levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in their serum and spinal fluid when compared to normal individuals.
-Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?

Accepted Answer

A) the nuclear membrane 
B) the nodes of Ranvier 
C) the postsynaptic membrane 
D) synaptic vesicle membranes 
E) the myelin sheath 
A) the nuclear membrane 
B) the nodes of Ranvier 
C) the postsynaptic membrane 
D) synaptic vesicle membranes 
E) the myelin sheath

Question 15

The "threshold" potential of a membrane

Accepted Answer

A) is the point of separation from a living to a dead neuron. 
B) is the lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce. 
C) is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials. 
D) is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. 
E) is the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential. 
A) is the point of separation from a living to a dead neuron. 
B) is the lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce. 
C) is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials. 
D) is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. 
E) is the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential.

Question 16

When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) temporal summation. 
B) spatial summation. 
C) tetanus. 
D) the refractory state. 
E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization. 
A) temporal summation. 
B) spatial summation. 
C) tetanus. 
D) the refractory state. 
E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.

Question 17

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential.
  
-The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label

Accepted Answer

A) A. 
B) B. 
C) C. 
D) D. 
E) E. 
A) A. 
B) B. 
C) C. 
D) D. 
E) E.

Question 18

When Na⁺ moves into a cell and K⁺ moves out of a cell, this activates which type of gated ion channel?

Accepted Answer

A) voltage-gated ion channel 
B) ligand-gated ion channel 
C) stretch-activated ion channel 
D) temperature-gated channel 
E) mechanosensitive ion channels 
A) voltage-gated ion channel 
B) ligand-gated ion channel 
C) stretch-activated ion channel 
D) temperature-gated channel 
E) mechanosensitive ion channels

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
Over the course of a year, you notice that you are more frequently losing your balance, are unable to keep your train of thought, and occasionally have double vision. After visiting several specialists, you are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), the hardening and ultimate loss of the myelin sheath which insulates axons.
-The onset of these symptoms follows the loss of the myelin sheath, leading to

Accepted Answer

A) a loss in conduction speed of action potentials 
B) an increase in conduction speed of action potentials. 
C) consistent depolarization at the nodes of Ranvier. 
D) increased saltatory conduction. 
E) an increased diameter of the axon. 
A) a loss in conduction speed of action potentials 
B) an increase in conduction speed of action potentials. 
C) consistent depolarization at the nodes of Ranvier. 
D) increased saltatory conduction. 
E) an increased diameter of the axon.

Question 20

In the communication between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle

Accepted Answer

A) the motor neuron is considered the presynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the postsynaptic cell. 
B) the motor neuron is considered the postsynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the presynaptic cell. 
C) action potentials are possible on the motor neuron but not the skeletal muscle. 
D) action potentials are possible on the skeletal muscle but not the motor neuron. 
E) the motor neuron fires action potentials but the skeletal muscle is not electrochemically excitable. 
A) the motor neuron is considered the presynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the postsynaptic cell. 
B) the motor neuron is considered the postsynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the presynaptic cell. 
C) action potentials are possible on the motor neuron but not the skeletal muscle. 
D) action potentials are possible on the skeletal muscle but not the motor neuron. 
E) the motor neuron fires action potentials but the skeletal muscle is not electrochemically excitable.

Exam 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Which is the correct order for processing and integrating sensory stimuli?

A simple nervous system

The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential. -The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label

A cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is

Action potentials move along axons

The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

The somatic nervous system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibres, because

The "selectivity" of a particular ion channel refers to its

Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

The "threshold" potential of a membrane

When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential. -The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label

When Na⁺ moves into a cell and K⁺ moves out of a cell, this activates which type of gated ion channel?

In the communication between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

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