Question 1

All of the following are parts of a categorical syllogism except

Accepted Answer

A) the major premise. 
B) the conditional premise. 
C) the minor premise. 
D) the conclusion. 
A) the major premise. 
B) the conditional premise. 
C) the minor premise. 
D) the conclusion. B

Question 2

A friend of yours is a law student interested in thinking of ways that minimize erroneous conclusions.She knows that you are studying this topic for your psychology class and asks you to explain to her some of the most common reasoning errors.What would you tell her?

Accepted Answer

Sure! There are several common reasoning errors that people often make. One of the most common is confirmation bias, which is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. This can lead to ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts those beliefs.

Another common error is the availability heuristic, which is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. This means that people may overestimate the likelihood of rare or dramatic events because they are more easily recalled.

There's also the anchoring bias, which is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions. This can lead to an over-reliance on initial information and a failure to adjust for new information.

Other common reasoning errors include the overconfidence effect, where people tend to overestimate their own abilities or knowledge, and the fundamental attribution error, which is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal characteristics while attributing our own behavior to external factors.

These are just a few examples of the many reasoning errors that can occur. It's important for anyone, including law students, to be aware of these biases and errors in order to minimize their impact on decision-making and reasoning.

Question 3

All animals breathe.All humans are animals.Therefore,all humans breathe.The above is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) if-then statement. 
B) linear syllogism. 
C) illicit conversion. 
D) categorical syllogism. 
A) if-then statement. 
B) linear syllogism. 
C) illicit conversion. 
D) categorical syllogism. D

Question 4

Give a real-world example of the representativeness heuristic not found in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

One real-world example of the representa

Question 5

Define subjective utility and give an example demonstrating how it can differ from objective measures of utility.

Accepted Answer

Subjective utility refers to the persona

Question 6

Satisficing makes it more difficult for people to make fully rational decisions because,in satisficing,

Accepted Answer

A) we do not consider all possible options,but rather consider a few until we find one that is satisfactory. 
B) we consider the additional variable of an incentive,or reward,in the decision-making process. 
C) we limit the number of options we consider in causing us to seek to minimize pain. 
D) we often become irrational and unable to make a well-reasoned decision. 
A) we do not consider all possible options,but rather consider a few until we find one that is satisfactory. 
B) we consider the additional variable of an incentive,or reward,in the decision-making process. 
C) we limit the number of options we consider in causing us to seek to minimize pain. 
D) we often become irrational and unable to make a well-reasoned decision.

Question 7

How can deciding on a college or graduate school be an example of subjective utility theory?

Accepted Answer

Deciding on a college or graduate school

Question 8

This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.

Accepted Answer

A) mental models 
B) categorical syllogisms 
C) linear syllogisms 
D) categorical inferences 
A) mental models 
B) categorical syllogisms 
C) linear syllogisms 
D) categorical inferences

Question 9

Wilma throws two peaches,two apples,and two pears into a basket and shakes up the basket.Blindfolded,she takes each piece of fruit from the basket and places them all in a line on a table.According to Tom,who is using the heuristic of representativeness,which of the following is the most probable arrangement?

Accepted Answer

A) peach,pear,apple,pear,apple,peach 
B) pear,pear,apple,apple,peach,peach 
C) apple,apple,pear,pear,peach,peach 
D) pear,peach,apple,pear,peach,apple 
A) peach,pear,apple,pear,apple,peach 
B) pear,pear,apple,apple,peach,peach 
C) apple,apple,pear,pear,peach,peach 
D) pear,peach,apple,pear,peach,apple

Question 10

What is subjective probability and how does use of it during decision making differ from the assumptions made in the model of the economic man and woman?

Accepted Answer

Subjective probability refers to the lik

Question 11

Evidence from more naturalistic studies of decision making reveal that when solving conditional probabilities most people recognize and use the ________ argument,but fail to use the _________ argument.

Accepted Answer

A) modus ponens;modus tollens 
B) modus tollens;consequent 
C) consequent;antecedent 
D) modus ponens;consequent 
A) modus ponens;modus tollens 
B) modus tollens;consequent 
C) consequent;antecedent 
D) modus ponens;consequent

Question 12

Cosmides (1989)has proposed that these two kinds of inferences were particularly useful during social interactions in our evolutionary history.

Accepted Answer

A) physical prowess and sociability 
B) cheater detection and hunter detection 
C) cost-benefit relationships and cheater detection 
D) temperament and relationships benefits 
A) physical prowess and sociability 
B) cheater detection and hunter detection 
C) cost-benefit relationships and cheater detection 
D) temperament and relationships benefits

Question 13

Premise 1: No cats are dogs.Premise 2: Some people are nervous.Rob uses a particular strategy to solve a categorical syllogism.Based on premise 2 (above),his conclusion is negative.Based on premise 2,his conclusion is particular.The strategy Rob is using is the

Accepted Answer

A) Venn diagram. 
B) illicit-conversion strategy. 
C) pragmatic-reasoning schema. 
D) atmosphere theory. 
A) Venn diagram. 
B) illicit-conversion strategy. 
C) pragmatic-reasoning schema. 
D) atmosphere theory.

Question 14

Create a test that will measure students' knowledge of the difference between confirmation bias and hindsight bias.

Accepted Answer

To create a test that measures students'

Question 15

The theory of satisficing states that

Accepted Answer

A) all decision making is strengthened or weakened depending on whether there is a reward for a certain decision. 
B) decision making is geared toward seeking to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. 
C) we consider options one by one,and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is just good enough. 
D) people make decisions that would ultimately bring satisfaction to themselves,regardless of the effect the decision has on others. 
A) all decision making is strengthened or weakened depending on whether there is a reward for a certain decision. 
B) decision making is geared toward seeking to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. 
C) we consider options one by one,and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is just good enough. 
D) people make decisions that would ultimately bring satisfaction to themselves,regardless of the effect the decision has on others.

Question 16

Stephanie and Steve are looking at a variety of cars,as they are trying to select a new vehicle.Given that they selected very different vehicles,it appears that their calculations were based on individual versus objective information.Decisions based on each of their own preferences would be called

Accepted Answer

A) conditional probability. 
B) subjective probability. 
C) bounded rationality. 
D) false-consensus effect. 
A) conditional probability. 
B) subjective probability. 
C) bounded rationality. 
D) false-consensus effect.

Question 17

What is the idea behind the subjective expected utility theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Utilities for a given action vary from person to person,depending on each person's hopes and fears. 
B) In making decisions,people use objective criteria for studying probabilities of outcomes but subjective criteria for evaluating each outcome. 
C) In making decisions,people seek to maximize their maximum gain. 
D) In making decisions,people seek to maximize their minimum gain. 
A) Utilities for a given action vary from person to person,depending on each person's hopes and fears. 
B) In making decisions,people use objective criteria for studying probabilities of outcomes but subjective criteria for evaluating each outcome. 
C) In making decisions,people seek to maximize their maximum gain. 
D) In making decisions,people seek to maximize their minimum gain.

Question 18

Deductive arguments that involve drawing conclusions from two premises are referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) illicit conversion. 
B) modus ponens argument. 
C) syllogism. 
D) modus tollens argument. 
A) illicit conversion. 
B) modus ponens argument. 
C) syllogism. 
D) modus tollens argument.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is not deductively valid?

Accepted Answer

A) If people watch television,then they get a headache.They watch television.
Therefore,they get a headache. 
B) If a student writes an abstract for a paper,then she gets a good grade.A student's paper is abstract.Therefore,the student gets a good grade. 
C) If the sky is clear,then there are no clouds.The sky is clear.Therefore,there are no clouds. 
D) If a black cat crosses your path,then you will have bad luck.A black cat crosses your path.Therefore,you will have bad luck. 
A) If people watch television,then they get a headache.They watch television.
Therefore,they get a headache. 
B) If a student writes an abstract for a paper,then she gets a good grade.A student's paper is abstract.Therefore,the student gets a good grade. 
C) If the sky is clear,then there are no clouds.The sky is clear.Therefore,there are no clouds. 
D) If a black cat crosses your path,then you will have bad luck.A black cat crosses your path.Therefore,you will have bad luck.

Question 20

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?

Accepted Answer

A) pragmatic 
B) inductive 
C) syllogistic 
D) prepositional 
A) pragmatic 
B) inductive 
C) syllogistic 
D) prepositional

All of the following are parts of a categorical syllogism except

A friend of yours is a law student interested in thinking of ways that minimize erroneous conclusions.She knows that you are studying this topic for your psychology class and asks you to explain to her some of the most common reasoning errors.What would you tell her?

All animals breathe.All humans are animals.Therefore,all humans breathe.The above is an example of a(n)

Give a real-world example of the representativeness heuristic not found in the textbook.

Define subjective utility and give an example demonstrating how it can differ from objective measures of utility.

Satisficing makes it more difficult for people to make fully rational decisions because,in satisficing,

How can deciding on a college or graduate school be an example of subjective utility theory?

This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.

What is subjective probability and how does use of it during decision making differ from the assumptions made in the model of the economic man and woman?

Evidence from more naturalistic studies of decision making reveal that when solving conditional probabilities most people recognize and use the argument,but fail to use the _ argument.

Cosmides (1989)has proposed that these two kinds of inferences were particularly useful during social interactions in our evolutionary history.

Premise 1: No cats are dogs.Premise 2: Some people are nervous.Rob uses a particular strategy to solve a categorical syllogism.Based on premise 2 (above),his conclusion is negative.Based on premise 2,his conclusion is particular.The strategy Rob is using is the

Create a test that will measure students' knowledge of the difference between confirmation bias and hindsight bias.

The theory of satisficing states that

Stephanie and Steve are looking at a variety of cars,as they are trying to select a new vehicle.Given that they selected very different vehicles,it appears that their calculations were based on individual versus objective information.Decisions based on each of their own preferences would be called

What is the idea behind the subjective expected utility theory?

Deductive arguments that involve drawing conclusions from two premises are referred to as a(n)

Which of the following statements is not deductively valid?

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention and Consciousness

Memory: Models and Research Methods

Memory Processes

The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions

The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind

Language

Language in Context

Problem Solving and Creativity

Filters

Exam 12: Decision Making and Reasoning

All of the following are parts of a categorical syllogism except

A friend of yours is a law student interested in thinking of ways that minimize erroneous conclusions.She knows that you are studying this topic for your psychology class and asks you to explain to her some of the most common reasoning errors.What would you tell her?

All animals breathe.All humans are animals.Therefore,all humans breathe.The above is an example of a(n)

Give a real-world example of the representativeness heuristic not found in the textbook.

Define subjective utility and give an example demonstrating how it can differ from objective measures of utility.

Satisficing makes it more difficult for people to make fully rational decisions because,in satisficing,

How can deciding on a college or graduate school be an example of subjective utility theory?

This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.

What is subjective probability and how does use of it during decision making differ from the assumptions made in the model of the economic man and woman?

Evidence from more naturalistic studies of decision making reveal that when solving conditional probabilities most people recognize and use the ________ argument,but fail to use the _________ argument.

Cosmides (1989)has proposed that these two kinds of inferences were particularly useful during social interactions in our evolutionary history.

Premise 1: No cats are dogs.Premise 2: Some people are nervous.Rob uses a particular strategy to solve a categorical syllogism.Based on premise 2 (above),his conclusion is negative.Based on premise 2,his conclusion is particular.The strategy Rob is using is the

Create a test that will measure students' knowledge of the difference between confirmation bias and hindsight bias.

The theory of satisficing states that

Stephanie and Steve are looking at a variety of cars,as they are trying to select a new vehicle.Given that they selected very different vehicles,it appears that their calculations were based on individual versus objective information.Decisions based on each of their own preferences would be called

What is the idea behind the subjective expected utility theory?

Deductive arguments that involve drawing conclusions from two premises are referred to as a(n)

Which of the following statements is not deductively valid?

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention and Consciousness

Memory: Models and Research Methods

Memory Processes

The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions

The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind

Language

Language in Context

Problem Solving and Creativity

Filters

Evidence from more naturalistic studies of decision making reveal that when solving conditional probabilities most people recognize and use the argument,but fail to use the _ argument.