Question 1

Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Students receiving peer tutoring will show greater mathematics gains than students not receiving peer tutoring. 
B)  Boys and girls will differ in their attitudes toward school. 
C)  "A" students have higher self-esteem than "C" students. 
D)  Science teachers ask more questions than social studies teachers. 
A)  Students receiving peer tutoring will show greater mathematics gains than students not receiving peer tutoring. 
B)  Boys and girls will differ in their attitudes toward school. 
C)  "A" students have higher self-esteem than "C" students. 
D)  Science teachers ask more questions than social studies teachers. B

Question 2

One way to control extraneous variables is to hold them constant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Matching
-Treatment variable

Accepted Answer

A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable 
A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable E

Question 4

Exploring relationships in research questions helps us to understand our world better by making connections and detecting patterns among the parts that may be related.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

An extraneous variable that is not controlled can be likened to a rival hypothesis in terms of possibly explaining the results of a study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

One disadvantage for stating hypotheses is that it potentially biases the researcher of the study from considering other possible explanations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

When a hypothesis is confirmed, one should conclude that:

Accepted Answer

A)  it is consistent with existing theory 
B)  the study was conducted properly 
C)  the hypothesis is true 
D)  the data provide evidence favorable to the belief that the hypothesis is true 
A)  it is consistent with existing theory 
B)  the study was conducted properly 
C)  the hypothesis is true 
D)  the data provide evidence favorable to the belief that the hypothesis is true

Question 8

Matching
-Directional hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable 
A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable

Question 9

Characteristics of persons or things that can assume different values are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  distributions 
B)  observations 
C)  data 
D)  variables 
A)  distributions 
B)  observations 
C)  data 
D)  variables

Question 10

A manipulated variable is one that:

Accepted Answer

A)  uses equipment 
B)  requires subjects to arrange materials 
C)  is arranged by the researcher 
D)  makes a study hard to interpret 
A)  uses equipment 
B)  requires subjects to arrange materials 
C)  is arranged by the researcher 
D)  makes a study hard to interpret

Question 11

Which of the following is likely to be of greatest value in formulating hypotheses for a scientific investigation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A high level of emotional involvement in the research problem 
B)  A rigorous statistical design 
C)  Clear indication of the variables involved 
D)  A problem statement that is broad in scope 
A)  A high level of emotional involvement in the research problem 
B)  A rigorous statistical design 
C)  Clear indication of the variables involved 
D)  A problem statement that is broad in scope

Question 12

Disadvantages of stating hypotheses include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  enhancing unintentional researcher bias 
B)  overlooking other relationships 
C)  complicating the design of a study 
D)  enhancing the likelihood of researcher cheating 
A)  enhancing unintentional researcher bias 
B)  overlooking other relationships 
C)  complicating the design of a study 
D)  enhancing the likelihood of researcher cheating

Question 13

Matching
-Hair style

Accepted Answer

A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable 
A)  Categorical variable 
B)  Quantitative variable 
C)  Extraneous variable 
D)  Educated guess 
E)  Experimental variable

Question 14

In general, it is a good idea to state your hypothesis in an ethnographic study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following is a quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Method of teaching mathematics 
B)  Self-esteem 
C)  Occupation 
D)  Country of birth 
A)  Method of teaching mathematics 
B)  Self-esteem 
C)  Occupation 
D)  Country of birth

Question 16

If a researcher studies the effects of frustration on the frequency of aggressive behavior, degree of frustration should be regarded as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent variable 
B)  independent variable 
C)  extraneous variable 
D)  constant 
A)  dependent variable 
B)  independent variable 
C)  extraneous variable 
D)  constant

Question 17

Empirically testing a hypothesis is the process of determining:

Accepted Answer

A)  whether it fits with previous knowledge 
B)  its logical consistency 
C)  if systematic observation confirms it 
D)  whether it is related to the problem at hand 
A)  whether it fits with previous knowledge 
B)  its logical consistency 
C)  if systematic observation confirms it 
D)  whether it is related to the problem at hand

Question 18

In a study comparing methods of improving critical thinking, what type of variable is "critical thinking"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dependent, outcome, quantitative 
B)  Dependent, manipulated, quantitative 
C)  Independent, manipulated, qualitative 
D)  Independent, outcome, quantitative 
A)  Dependent, outcome, quantitative 
B)  Dependent, manipulated, quantitative 
C)  Independent, manipulated, qualitative 
D)  Independent, outcome, quantitative

Question 19

Which of the following questions indicates a relationship?

Accepted Answer

A)  What are the effects of the new reading program? 
B)  Do parents and teachers differ in expectations of achievement? 
C)  To what extent is the new math curriculum being used by teachers? 
D)  What do students expect to do after high school graduation? 
A)  What are the effects of the new reading program? 
B)  Do parents and teachers differ in expectations of achievement? 
C)  To what extent is the new math curriculum being used by teachers? 
D)  What do students expect to do after high school graduation?

Question 20

A moderator variable is one that

Accepted Answer

A)  makes a relationship meaningless 
B)  qualifies the application of a relationship 
C)  weakens the strength of a relationship 
D)  provides an alternative explanation for a relationship 
A)  makes a relationship meaningless 
B)  qualifies the application of a relationship 
C)  weakens the strength of a relationship 
D)  provides an alternative explanation for a relationship

Exam 5: Variables and Hypotheses

Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis?

One way to control extraneous variables is to hold them constant.

Matching -Treatment variable

Exploring relationships in research questions helps us to understand our world better by making connections and detecting patterns among the parts that may be related.

An extraneous variable that is not controlled can be likened to a rival hypothesis in terms of possibly explaining the results of a study.

One disadvantage for stating hypotheses is that it potentially biases the researcher of the study from considering other possible explanations.

When a hypothesis is confirmed, one should conclude that:

Matching -Directional hypothesis

Characteristics of persons or things that can assume different values are called:

A manipulated variable is one that:

Which of the following is likely to be of greatest value in formulating hypotheses for a scientific investigation?

Disadvantages of stating hypotheses include all of the following except:

Matching -Hair style

In general, it is a good idea to state your hypothesis in an ethnographic study.

Which of the following is a quantitative variable?

If a researcher studies the effects of frustration on the frequency of aggressive behavior, degree of frustration should be regarded as a(n):

Empirically testing a hypothesis is the process of determining:

In a study comparing methods of improving critical thinking, what type of variable is "critical thinking"?

Which of the following questions indicates a relationship?

A moderator variable is one that

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The Research Problem

Locating and Reviewing the Literature

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Sampling

Instrumentation

Validity and Reliability

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Inferential Statistics

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Experimental Research

Single-Subject Research

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The Nature of Qualitative Research

Observation and Interviewing

Content Analysis

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