Question 1

Loss of subjects in a given experiment constitutes a probable threat to the internal validity of the study if:

Accepted Answer

A)  those lost are representative of their original groups 
B)  a greater number are lost from one group than from the other(s) 
C)  losses are not randomly replaced 
D)  statistical adjustments are not made 
A)  those lost are representative of their original groups 
B)  a greater number are lost from one group than from the other(s) 
C)  losses are not randomly replaced 
D)  statistical adjustments are not made B

Question 2

Random assignment is intended to eliminate the threat of additional or extraneous variables that might affect the outcome of a study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

An important difference between experimental and nonexperimental research is that the independent variable in experimental research is:

Accepted Answer

A)  quantitative 
B)  randomly assigned 
C)  constant 
D)  manipulated 
A)  quantitative 
B)  randomly assigned 
C)  constant 
D)  manipulated D

Question 4

Matching
-Time-series design group

Accepted Answer

A)  Weak experimental design 
B)  Pretest effect 
C)  Repeated measurements of one 
D)  Interactions and moderator 
E)  Quasi-experimental design 
A)  Weak experimental design 
B)  Pretest effect 
C)  Repeated measurements of one 
D)  Interactions and moderator 
E)  Quasi-experimental design

Question 5

Which of the following can be present in an experimental study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Random assignment and random selection 
B)  Random assignment without random selection 
C)  Random selection without random assignment 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Random assignment and random selection 
B)  Random assignment without random selection 
C)  Random selection without random assignment 
D)  All of the above

Question 6

A researcher would be likely to use matching in a randomized posttest control group design:

Accepted Answer

A)  only if he or she misunderstood randomization 
B)  in order to control for a possible history threat to internal validity 
C)  in order to control for loss of subjects 
D)  if the number in each treatment group is small 
A)  only if he or she misunderstood randomization 
B)  in order to control for a possible history threat to internal validity 
C)  in order to control for loss of subjects 
D)  if the number in each treatment group is small

Question 7

The main cost associated with holding certain variables constant in an experimental study is that it can reduce the generalizability of the study's results.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The randomized pretest-posttest control group design requires the researcher to decide whether:

Accepted Answer

A)  subject characteristics need to be controlled 
B)  information on the pretest is worth the possible bias 
C)  to randomize before or after the pretest is given 
D)  administration of the pretest is worth the effort required 
A)  subject characteristics need to be controlled 
B)  information on the pretest is worth the possible bias 
C)  to randomize before or after the pretest is given 
D)  administration of the pretest is worth the effort required

Question 9

The primary defect of the one-shot case study is:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no way to tell whether the treatment had any effect 
B)  poor control over the subject characteristics threat 
C)  poor control of researcher bias 
D)  inability to control for maturation 
A)  there is no way to tell whether the treatment had any effect 
B)  poor control over the subject characteristics threat 
C)  poor control of researcher bias 
D)  inability to control for maturation

Question 10

The randomized posttest-only control group design is least effective in controlling:

Accepted Answer

A)  maturation 
B)  subject characteristics 
C)  implementer effect 
D)  history 
A)  maturation 
B)  subject characteristics 
C)  implementer effect 
D)  history

Question 11

Factorial designs extend the number of relationships that may be examined in an experimental study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In a large high school, the 25 students who scored highest on an English pretest were placed in a special class. At the end of one semester, they were given another English achievement test. The mean grade-level equivalents were compared for the two tests. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A)  one-group pretest-posttest design 
B)  randomized control group pretest-posttest design 
C)  time series design 
D)  static group comparison design 
A)  one-group pretest-posttest design 
B)  randomized control group pretest-posttest design 
C)  time series design 
D)  static group comparison design

Question 13

Why are control groups necessary in certain experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  To make sure that the experimenter is honest 
B)  To make it easier to estimate the influence of the independent variable 
C)  To enable the researcher to repeat the experiment 
D)  To enable the researcher to identify the dependent variable 
A)  To make sure that the experimenter is honest 
B)  To make it easier to estimate the influence of the independent variable 
C)  To enable the researcher to repeat the experiment 
D)  To enable the researcher to identify the dependent variable

Question 14

In order to do an experimental study of the effects of TV viewing, a researcher must:

Accepted Answer

A)  determine how much TV is watched by each subject 
B)  locate groups that differ in amount of TV viewed 
C)  arrange for some subjects to view more TV than others 
D)  ask subjects a series of questions about the effects of TV viewing 
A)  determine how much TV is watched by each subject 
B)  locate groups that differ in amount of TV viewed 
C)  arrange for some subjects to view more TV than others 
D)  ask subjects a series of questions about the effects of TV viewing

Question 15

A factorial design can be used to:

Accepted Answer

A)  study the combined effect of two or more variables 
B)  control the subject characteristics threat 
C)  assess the effect of several independent variables 
D)  all of the above 
A)  study the combined effect of two or more variables 
B)  control the subject characteristics threat 
C)  assess the effect of several independent variables 
D)  all of the above

Question 16

In order to be a threat to the internal validity of an experimental study, an extraneous variable such as age must:

Accepted Answer

A)  be related to the dependent variable 
B)  differ among treatment groups 
C)  both A and B 
D)  neither A nor B 
A)  be related to the dependent variable 
B)  differ among treatment groups 
C)  both A and B 
D)  neither A nor B

Question 17

Matching
-One-shot case study variables

Accepted Answer

A)  Weak experimental design 
B)  Pretest effect 
C)  Repeated measurements of one 
D)  Interactions and moderator 
E)  Quasi-experimental design 
A)  Weak experimental design 
B)  Pretest effect 
C)  Repeated measurements of one 
D)  Interactions and moderator 
E)  Quasi-experimental design

Question 18

An advantage of statistical matching over mechanical matching is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  no subjects are lost due to matching 
B)  the data are easier to analyze 
C)  less reliable measures can be used 
D)  it provides better control of a possible testing threat 
A)  no subjects are lost due to matching 
B)  the data are easier to analyze 
C)  less reliable measures can be used 
D)  it provides better control of a possible testing threat

Question 19

The time-series design is seldom used because:

Accepted Answer

A)  data collection is so time consuming 
B)  data are likely to be unreliable 
C)  it provides poor control for a subject characteristics threat 
D)  it provides poor control for maturation 
A)  data collection is so time consuming 
B)  data are likely to be unreliable 
C)  it provides poor control for a subject characteristics threat 
D)  it provides poor control for maturation

Question 20

The counterbalanced design is subject to a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  subject characteristics threat 
B)  multiple treatment interference threat 
C)  attitude-of-subjects threat 
D)  maturation threat 
A)  subject characteristics threat 
B)  multiple treatment interference threat 
C)  attitude-of-subjects threat 
D)  maturation threat

Exam 13: Experimental Research

Loss of subjects in a given experiment constitutes a probable threat to the internal validity of the study if:

Random assignment is intended to eliminate the threat of additional or extraneous variables that might affect the outcome of a study.

An important difference between experimental and nonexperimental research is that the independent variable in experimental research is:

Matching -Time-series design group

Which of the following can be present in an experimental study?

A researcher would be likely to use matching in a randomized posttest control group design:

The main cost associated with holding certain variables constant in an experimental study is that it can reduce the generalizability of the study's results.

The randomized pretest-posttest control group design requires the researcher to decide whether:

The primary defect of the one-shot case study is:

The randomized posttest-only control group design is least effective in controlling:

Factorial designs extend the number of relationships that may be examined in an experimental study.

In a large high school, the 25 students who scored highest on an English pretest were placed in a special class. At the end of one semester, they were given another English achievement test. The mean grade-level equivalents were compared for the two tests. This is an example of a:

Why are control groups necessary in certain experiments?

In order to do an experimental study of the effects of TV viewing, a researcher must:

A factorial design can be used to:

In order to be a threat to the internal validity of an experimental study, an extraneous variable such as age must:

Matching -One-shot case study variables

An advantage of statistical matching over mechanical matching is that:

The time-series design is seldom used because:

The counterbalanced design is subject to a(n):

The Nature of Research

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Variables and Hypotheses

Sampling

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Validity and Reliability

Internal Validity

Descriptive Statistics

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Statistics in Perspective

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Correlational Research

Causal-Comparative Research

Survey Research

The Nature of Qualitative Research

Observation and Interviewing

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