Question 1

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) occur during REM sleep 
B) ​occur during NREM sleep 
C) ​are far more common in adults than children 
D) usually involve sleep talking 
A) occur during REM sleep 
B) ​occur during NREM sleep 
C) ​are far more common in adults than children 
D) usually involve sleep talking

Question 2

​The SCN is located just above the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) optic chiasm 
B) ​thalamus 
C) ​hypothalamus 
D) visual cortex 
A) optic chiasm 
B) ​thalamus 
C) ​hypothalamus 
D) visual cortex

Question 3

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood pressure is too low. 
B) ​The motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reaches its normal level. 
C) ​An increase in light striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons. 
D) Part of the brain is still asleep. 
A) Blood pressure is too low. 
B) ​The motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reaches its normal level. 
C) ​An increase in light striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons. 
D) Part of the brain is still asleep.

Question 4

Describe how light resets the SCN.​

Accepted Answer

Although cells throughout the body gener

Question 5

Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming.​

Accepted Answer

According to the activation-synthesis hy

Question 6

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?​

Accepted Answer

A) tension and activity of the postural muscles 
B) ​low and steady heart and breathing rates 
C) ​a high level of brain activity 
D) a highly synchronized EEG pattern 
A) tension and activity of the postural muscles 
B) ​low and steady heart and breathing rates 
C) ​a high level of brain activity 
D) a highly synchronized EEG pattern

Question 7

Describe brain function during REM sleep.​

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep,activity increased in t

Question 8

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness.What is likely to happen? ​

Accepted Answer

A) The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development. 
B) ​They are fully alert during wakeful periods. 
C) ​They are able to sleep during rest periods. 
D) They sleep poorly during rest periods. 
A) The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development. 
B) ​They are fully alert during wakeful periods. 
C) ​They are able to sleep during rest periods. 
D) They sleep poorly during rest periods.

Question 9

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) only for their sleep/activity cycle 
B) ​only for frequency of eating and drinking 
C) ​for sleep and body temperature only 
D) for a variety of activities, including sleep 
A) only for their sleep/activity cycle 
B) ​only for frequency of eating and drinking 
C) ​for sleep and body temperature only 
D) for a variety of activities, including sleep

Question 10

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) awakens a sleeping individual 
B) ​decreases alertness in someone already awake 
C) ​shifts the EEG from short waves to long, slow waves 
D) delays the onset of the next REM period 
A) awakens a sleeping individual 
B) ​decreases alertness in someone already awake 
C) ​shifts the EEG from short waves to long, slow waves 
D) delays the onset of the next REM period

Question 11

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain,they ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) no longer produce any activity 
B) ​continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm 
C) ​produce a 20-hour rhythm 
D) produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern 
A) no longer produce any activity 
B) ​continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm 
C) ​produce a 20-hour rhythm 
D) produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern

Question 12

What does cataplexy involve?​

Accepted Answer

A) dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality 
B) ​an attack of muscle weakness while awake 
C) ​a lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep 
D) repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep 
A) dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality 
B) ​an attack of muscle weakness while awake 
C) ​a lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep 
D) repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep

Question 13

The proteins PER and TIM,originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also,influence circadian rhythms by ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) building up during the day and declining during sleep 
B) ​being transformed into melatonin 
C) ​stimulating and inhibiting (respectively) the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex 
D) providing negative feedback from the muscles to the neurons that innervate them 
A) building up during the day and declining during sleep 
B) ​being transformed into melatonin 
C) ​stimulating and inhibiting (respectively) the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex 
D) providing negative feedback from the muscles to the neurons that innervate them

Question 14

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes 
B) ​to shake the eyeballs back and forth so the individual moves from REM to NREM 
C) ​no different than the role of NREM 
D) to bring to the surface the individual's unconscious wishes 
A) to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes 
B) ​to shake the eyeballs back and forth so the individual moves from REM to NREM 
C) ​no different than the role of NREM 
D) to bring to the surface the individual's unconscious wishes

Question 15

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does,in fact,have dreams?​

Accepted Answer

A) Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning. 
B) ​Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. 
C) ​Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. 
D) Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently. 
A) Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning. 
B) ​Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. 
C) ​Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming. 
D) Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently.

Question 16

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone,which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.​

Accepted Answer

A) androgen 
B) ​melanopsin 
C) ​melatonin 
D) estrogen 
A) androgen 
B) ​melanopsin 
C) ​melatonin 
D) estrogen

Question 17

REM sleep has been shown to ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) inhibit sexual arousal 
B) ​interfere with new learning 
C) ​strengthen the formation of new motor skills 
D) strengthen memories for new facts 
A) inhibit sexual arousal 
B) ​interfere with new learning 
C) ​strengthen the formation of new motor skills 
D) strengthen memories for new facts

Question 18

​Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch.Without any time cues,your circadian rhythm would ____.

Accepted Answer

A) increase dramatically over time 
B) ​cease to exist 
C) ​decrease over time 
D) remain relatively stable 
A) increase dramatically over time 
B) ​cease to exist 
C) ​decrease over time 
D) remain relatively stable

Question 19

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis,what do dreams reflect?​

Accepted Answer

A) the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity 
B) ​unconscious motivations and emotions 
C) ​experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history 
D) an imbalance among hormone levels 
A) the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity 
B) ​unconscious motivations and emotions 
C) ​experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history 
D) an imbalance among hormone levels

Question 20

PGO waves are associated with ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) NREM sleep 
B) ​REM sleep 
C) ​relaxation during wakefulness 
D) being awakened from REM sleep 
A) NREM sleep 
B) ​REM sleep 
C) ​relaxation during wakefulness 
D) being awakened from REM sleep

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.

The SCN is located just above the ____.

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

Describe how light resets the SCN.

Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming.

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

Describe brain function during REM sleep.

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness.What is likely to happen?

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain,they ____.

What does cataplexy involve?

The proteins PER and TIM,originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also,influence circadian rhythms by ____.

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does,in fact,have dreams?

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone,which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

REM sleep has been shown to ____.

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch.Without any time cues,your circadian rhythm would ____.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis,what do dreams reflect?

PGO waves are associated with ____.

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy and Research Methods

Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity

Vision

Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Psychological Disorders

Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Filters

Exam 8: Wakefulness and Sleep

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

​The SCN is located just above the ____.

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

Describe how light resets the SCN.​

Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming.​

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?​

Describe brain function during REM sleep.​

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness.What is likely to happen? ​

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.​

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.​

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain,they ____.​

What does cataplexy involve?​

The proteins PER and TIM,originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also,influence circadian rhythms by ____.​

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.​

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does,in fact,have dreams?​

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone,which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.​

REM sleep has been shown to ____.​

​Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch.Without any time cues,your circadian rhythm would ____.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis,what do dreams reflect?​

PGO waves are associated with ____.​

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy and Research Methods

Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity

Vision

Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Psychological Disorders

Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Filters

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.

The SCN is located just above the ____.

Describe how light resets the SCN.

Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming.

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

Describe brain function during REM sleep.

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness.What is likely to happen?

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain,they ____.

What does cataplexy involve?

The proteins PER and TIM,originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also,influence circadian rhythms by ____.

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does,in fact,have dreams?

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone,which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

REM sleep has been shown to ____.

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch.Without any time cues,your circadian rhythm would ____.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis,what do dreams reflect?

PGO waves are associated with ____.