Question 1

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) the single, critical system in arousing the cortex 
B) ​only one of several systems involved in arousal 
C) ​activated only by external stimuli 
D) activated only by internal stimuli 
A) the single, critical system in arousing the cortex 
B) ​only one of several systems involved in arousal 
C) ​activated only by external stimuli 
D) activated only by internal stimuli B

Question 2

In response to emotionally arousing events,the locus coeruleus releases ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) norepinephrine 
B) ​acetylcholine 
C) ​dopamine 
D) serotonin 
A) norepinephrine 
B) ​acetylcholine 
C) ​dopamine 
D) serotonin A

Question 3

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?​

Accepted Answer

A) Freud's theory of dreams 
B) ​the repair and restoration theory 
C) ​a clinico-anatomical hypothesis 
D) the evolutionary hypothesis 
A) Freud's theory of dreams 
B) ​the repair and restoration theory 
C) ​a clinico-anatomical hypothesis 
D) the evolutionary hypothesis C

Question 4

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

Accepted Answer

A) sleep 
B) ​storage of body fat 
C) ​migration 
D) mating 
A) sleep 
B) ​storage of body fat 
C) ​migration 
D) mating

Question 5

Social stimuli - that is,the effects of other people - are weak ____,unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.​

Accepted Answer

A) effects 
B) ​motivators 
C) ​rhythms 
D) zeitgebers 
A) effects 
B) ​motivators 
C) ​rhythms 
D) zeitgebers

Question 6

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____

Accepted Answer

A) lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex​ 
B) ​occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus 
C) ​pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex 
D) pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus 
A) lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex​ 
B) ​occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus 
C) ​pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex 
D) pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 7

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?​

Accepted Answer

A) Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm. 
B) ​Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles. 
C) ​Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms. 
D) Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day. 
A) Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm. 
B) ​Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles. 
C) ​Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms. 
D) Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day.

Question 8

An electroencephalograph displays ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) action potentials of individual neurons 
B) ​a net average of all the neurons' potentials 
C) ​the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain 
D) the electrical resistance of the scalp 
A) action potentials of individual neurons 
B) ​a net average of all the neurons' potentials 
C) ​the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain 
D) the electrical resistance of the scalp

Question 9

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) interrupted or shortened REM sleep 
B) ​prolonged wakefulness 
C) ​prolonged NREM sleep 
D) enhanced dreaming 
A) interrupted or shortened REM sleep 
B) ​prolonged wakefulness 
C) ​prolonged NREM sleep 
D) enhanced dreaming

Question 10

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?​

Accepted Answer

A) hypnagogic hallucinations 
B) ​idiopathic hallucinations 
C) ​occipital illusions 
D) pseudo-psychedelic visions 
A) hypnagogic hallucinations 
B) ​idiopathic hallucinations 
C) ​occipital illusions 
D) pseudo-psychedelic visions

Question 11

When traveling across time zones,how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?​

Accepted Answer

A) Travel to the east is easier. 
B) ​Travel to the west is easier. 
C) ​The direction of travel makes no difference. 
D) The effect varies greatly from person to person. 
A) Travel to the east is easier. 
B) ​Travel to the west is easier. 
C) ​The direction of travel makes no difference. 
D) The effect varies greatly from person to person.

Question 12

Orexin,produced by neurons in the hypothalamus,appears to be necessary for ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) getting to sleep 
B) ​waking up 
C) ​raising body temperature 
D) staying awake 
A) getting to sleep 
B) ​waking up 
C) ​raising body temperature 
D) staying awake

Question 13

People with REM behavior disorder ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness 
B) ​show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night 
C) ​enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times 
D) move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams 
A) show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness 
B) ​show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night 
C) ​enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times 
D) move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

Question 14

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) norepinephrine 
B) ​acetylcholine 
C) ​dopamine 
D) serotonin 
A) norepinephrine 
B) ​acetylcholine 
C) ​dopamine 
D) serotonin

Question 15

Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4),____.​

Accepted Answer

A) breathing and heart rates increase 
B) ​brain activity increases 
C) ​slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number 
D) brain waves become smaller 
A) breathing and heart rates increase 
B) ​brain activity increases 
C) ​slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number 
D) brain waves become smaller

Question 17

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?​

Accepted Answer

A) narcolepsy 
B) ​sleep apnea 
C) ​REM behavior disorder 
D) omnambulism 
A) narcolepsy 
B) ​sleep apnea 
C) ​REM behavior disorder 
D) omnambulism

Question 18

Compared to REM,research suggests that NREM is ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) important for all types of memory 
B) ​important for strengthening memories of motor skills 
C) ​important for strengthening memories of lists of words 
D) not important for strengthening memories of any kind 
A) important for all types of memory 
B) ​important for strengthening memories of motor skills 
C) ​important for strengthening memories of lists of words 
D) not important for strengthening memories of any kind

Question 19

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?​

Accepted Answer

A) Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves. 
B) ​Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it. 
C) ​It relays visual information to the biological clock. 
D) It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity. 
A) Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves. 
B) ​Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it. 
C) ​It relays visual information to the biological clock. 
D) It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity.

Question 20

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?​

Accepted Answer

A) puberty 
B) ​being female 
C) ​being obese 
D) vigorous exercise 
A) puberty 
B) ​being female 
C) ​being obese 
D) vigorous exercise

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.

In response to emotionally arousing events,the locus coeruleus releases ____.

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

Social stimuli - that is,the effects of other people - are weak ____,unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

An electroencephalograph displays ____.

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

When traveling across time zones,how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?

Orexin,produced by neurons in the hypothalamus,appears to be necessary for ____.

People with REM behavior disorder ____.

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.

Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness.

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4),____.

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?

Compared to REM,research suggests that NREM is ____.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy and Research Methods

Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity

Vision

Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Psychological Disorders

Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Filters

Exam 8: Wakefulness and Sleep

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.​

In response to emotionally arousing events,the locus coeruleus releases ____.​

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?​

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

Social stimuli - that is,the effects of other people - are weak ____,unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.​

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?​

An electroencephalograph displays ____.​

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.​

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?​

When traveling across time zones,how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?​

Orexin,produced by neurons in the hypothalamus,appears to be necessary for ____.​

People with REM behavior disorder ____.​

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.​

Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness.​

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4),____.​

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?​

Compared to REM,research suggests that NREM is ____.​

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?​

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?​

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy and Research Methods

Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity

Vision

Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Psychological Disorders

Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Filters

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.

In response to emotionally arousing events,the locus coeruleus releases ____.

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

Social stimuli - that is,the effects of other people - are weak ____,unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

An electroencephalograph displays ____.

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

When traveling across time zones,how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?

Orexin,produced by neurons in the hypothalamus,appears to be necessary for ____.

People with REM behavior disorder ____.

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.

Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness.

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4),____.

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?

Compared to REM,research suggests that NREM is ____.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?