Question 1

Which word contains more than one morpheme?

Accepted Answer

A)  Verve 
B)  Wench 
C)  Reface 
D)  Stash 
A)  Verve 
B)  Wench 
C)  Reface 
D)  Stash

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown. The blue bar represents the "same" trial and the red bar represents the "switch" trial.
   The figure refers to the Stager and Werker's 1997 study, in which researchers used the switch task with children 14 months or older. What does the bar graph suggest about children's ability to associate meaning with auditory stimuli?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure shown. The blue...

Question 3

Based on Baldwin and colleagues 1993 and 1996 studies on associative learning in very young children, in which scenario would a child be most likely to learn that a round object is a ball?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jakob is allowed to play with both a toy truck and a ball, as he hears the words truck and ball over a loudspeaker. 
B)  Jakob watches as an older child plays with a ball and a truck, while occasionally using the word ball. 
C)  Jakob is given a round object to play with as the word ball is played over a loud speaker. 
D)  While Jakob is playing with a toy truck, he hears a researcher say, "this is a ball" as the researcher directs his attention to the object in the researcher's hand, which is a round object. 
A)  Jakob is allowed to play with both a toy truck and a ball, as he hears the words truck and ball over a loudspeaker. 
B)  Jakob watches as an older child plays with a ball and a truck, while occasionally using the word ball. 
C)  Jakob is given a round object to play with as the word ball is played over a loud speaker. 
D)  While Jakob is playing with a toy truck, he hears a researcher say, "this is a ball" as the researcher directs his attention to the object in the researcher's hand, which is a round object.

Question 4

Some words, like the Czech word lítost, have extremely abstract and subtle meanings. What is the most likely explanation for how children are able to learn such words?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents or teachers provide children with a detailed definition of such words. 
B)  Children are guided by the expectation that, in any language, there is a fixed set of meanings that require a label. 
C)  Children learn their meanings by being exposed to many contexts in which such words are appropriate. 
D)  Children learn their meanings because parents make their referential intentions clear. 
A)  Parents or teachers provide children with a detailed definition of such words. 
B)  Children are guided by the expectation that, in any language, there is a fixed set of meanings that require a label. 
C)  Children learn their meanings by being exposed to many contexts in which such words are appropriate. 
D)  Children learn their meanings because parents make their referential intentions clear.

Question 5

Based on the results of Hart and Risley's 1995 study about the number of words children hear on average per hour, describe the ideal conditions for a child's vocabulary and linguistic development and why that matters.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on the results of Hart and...

Question 6

When children begin to learn about word-object relationships, they usually learn this information when their parents

Accepted Answer

A)  speak to them using phrases or sentences about the object. 
B)  utter one-word labels for objects. 
C)  try to elicit cued responses as they point to the object. 
D)  place the objects in the children's hands as they name the object. 
A)  speak to them using phrases or sentences about the object. 
B)  utter one-word labels for objects. 
C)  try to elicit cued responses as they point to the object. 
D)  place the objects in the children's hands as they name the object.

Question 7

Based on the results of Stager and Werker's 1997 study, which two words would a 14-month-old child be most likely to understand as having two different meanings?

Accepted Answer

A)  stone/loan 
B)  foam/moan 
C)  lame/blame 
D)  belt/rump 
A)  stone/loan 
B)  foam/moan 
C)  lame/blame 
D)  belt/rump

Question 8

Evidence for similarity between adults' and children's lexical representation for sound and meaning is supported by White et al.'s 2013 study, using an artificial language, where

Accepted Answer

A)  adults had difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook when they were similar to already learned words, such as klook. 
B)  adults had no difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook when they were similar to already learned words, such as klook. 
C)  children around 14 months of age had no difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook and similar sounding already learned words, such as klook. 
D)  children around 14 months of age had difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook and similar sounding already learned words, such as klook. 
A)  adults had difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook when they were similar to already learned words, such as klook. 
B)  adults had no difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook when they were similar to already learned words, such as klook. 
C)  children around 14 months of age had no difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook and similar sounding already learned words, such as klook. 
D)  children around 14 months of age had difficulty distinguishing between novel words like blook and similar sounding already learned words, such as klook.

Question 9

According to the concept of contingency, you can enhance the quality of input received by a child by

Accepted Answer

A)  simply increasing the number of words you use in the presence of the child. 
B)  connecting the child's actions and words to a response in real-time. 
C)  providing many opportunities for the child to overhear conversation taking place between others. 
D)  increasing the number of people who provide input to the child. 
A)  simply increasing the number of words you use in the presence of the child. 
B)  connecting the child's actions and words to a response in real-time. 
C)  providing many opportunities for the child to overhear conversation taking place between others. 
D)  increasing the number of people who provide input to the child.

Question 10

Derivational affixes help us transform categories of words; which addition is an example of such a transformation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adding -ed to move 
B)  Adding -ful to joy 
C)  Adding -ing to run 
D)  Adding -s to walk 
A)  Adding -ed to move 
B)  Adding -ful to joy 
C)  Adding -ing to run 
D)  Adding -s to walk

Question 11

How does Rumelhart and McClelland's 1986 connectionist model attempt to explain how children learn the proper forms of both regular and irregular verbs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does Rumelhart and McClelland's 1986 connectionist...

Question 12

_______ describes what happens over time when a specialized word, for example a brand name, becomes a commonplace and universal term for a category of things, such as using Band-Aid to describe a sticky, plastic wound covering.

Accepted Answer

A)  Analogy 
B)  Marketability 
C)  Generality 
D)  Genericide 
A)  Analogy 
B)  Marketability 
C)  Generality 
D)  Genericide

Question 13

Which one of these might be considered a feature of referential transparency?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sound a train makes 
B)  A parent pointing at a passing train and saying, "Look at how long the train is!" 
C)  A parent pointing at a passing train and saying, "Oh no, we're going to be late!" 
D)  The shape and movement of the train 
A)  The sound a train makes 
B)  A parent pointing at a passing train and saying, "Look at how long the train is!" 
C)  A parent pointing at a passing train and saying, "Oh no, we're going to be late!" 
D)  The shape and movement of the train

Question 14

Which example does not support the mutual exclusivity bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  When shown a picture of a hammer and asked what it is, a child responds "hammer," but is unable to generate another name for the object, such as tool or weapon. 
B)  When shown a picture of a hammer, and asked to provide as many words to name it as possible, a child calls it a hammer and a tool. 
C)  When asked to provide her mother's name, the child says "Mommy" but does not provide her parent's actual name. 
D)  When shown an apple and a fruit he has never seen before, a child assumes that the novel word zaf refers to the new fruit. 
A)  When shown a picture of a hammer and asked what it is, a child responds "hammer," but is unable to generate another name for the object, such as tool or weapon. 
B)  When shown a picture of a hammer, and asked to provide as many words to name it as possible, a child calls it a hammer and a tool. 
C)  When asked to provide her mother's name, the child says "Mommy" but does not provide her parent's actual name. 
D)  When shown an apple and a fruit he has never seen before, a child assumes that the novel word zaf refers to the new fruit.

Question 15

Jean Berko Gleason's 1958 study is hailed as a pivotal investigation into children's word-form use. Based on her results, what prediction would you make about how complex word forms are learned by children of the same age as those in the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Upon hearing the word foot for the first time, a child will incorrectly guess that the plural of foot is foots. 
B)  Upon hearing the word foot for the first time, a child will correctly guess that the plural of foot is feet. 
C)  A child will not be able to correctly produce the plural form of a regular noun like figs without hearing the correct plural form at least once. 
D)  In guessing the plural form of nouns like hand and tooth, a child will be equally likely to make errors with regular forms like hands and irregular forms like teeth unless she has heard these plural forms before. 
A)  Upon hearing the word foot for the first time, a child will incorrectly guess that the plural of foot is foots. 
B)  Upon hearing the word foot for the first time, a child will correctly guess that the plural of foot is feet. 
C)  A child will not be able to correctly produce the plural form of a regular noun like figs without hearing the correct plural form at least once. 
D)  In guessing the plural form of nouns like hand and tooth, a child will be equally likely to make errors with regular forms like hands and irregular forms like teeth unless she has heard these plural forms before.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best example of a basic-level category?

Accepted Answer

A)  Of the words wingtips, shoes, flip-flops; flip-flops is a basic-level category. 
B)  Of the words shoes, shirts, wardrobe; wardrobe is a basic-level category. 
C)  Of the words dog, terrier, and mammal; dog is a basic-level category. 
D)  Of the words lion, tiger, and mammal; mammal is a basic-level category. 
A)  Of the words wingtips, shoes, flip-flops; flip-flops is a basic-level category. 
B)  Of the words shoes, shirts, wardrobe; wardrobe is a basic-level category. 
C)  Of the words dog, terrier, and mammal; dog is a basic-level category. 
D)  Of the words lion, tiger, and mammal; mammal is a basic-level category.

Question 17

A child who, at an early age, used irregular verb forms correctly (using grow and its past tense grew) suddenly began using growed instead of grew. This child

Accepted Answer

A)  is regressing to a more comfortable state instead of learning to abstract the rules of grammar. 
B)  is extracting the rules for how to form tenses and applying those generalizations to words that seem similar. 
C)  has had an inadequate amount of parental input into the language learning process. 
D)  needs more intense educational programs to learn the rules of grammar. 
A)  is regressing to a more comfortable state instead of learning to abstract the rules of grammar. 
B)  is extracting the rules for how to form tenses and applying those generalizations to words that seem similar. 
C)  has had an inadequate amount of parental input into the language learning process. 
D)  needs more intense educational programs to learn the rules of grammar.

Question 18

Human natural languages seem to follow a duality of patterning, meaning that

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a direct translation for each idea from one language to another. 
B)  sounds have the capacity to represent a wide variety of syntactic options and meanings. 
C)  sounds combine into small meaningful units called morphemes, and those small units can combine into still larger phrases and sentences, conveying even more complex information. 
D)  we are all capable of learning any language, given the right environment for encoding. 
A)  there is a direct translation for each idea from one language to another. 
B)  sounds have the capacity to represent a wide variety of syntactic options and meanings. 
C)  sounds combine into small meaningful units called morphemes, and those small units can combine into still larger phrases and sentences, conveying even more complex information. 
D)  we are all capable of learning any language, given the right environment for encoding.

Question 19

As a neurolinguist, you would predict that a patient with Alzheimer's disease would have more trouble retrieving the past-tense verb _______ than would a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  kicked 
B)  baked 
C)  brought 
D)  helped 
A)  kicked 
B)  baked 
C)  brought 
D)  helped

Question 20

Which training technique would best help Timmy, a 12-month-old, to associate the word puzzle with a collection of puzzle pieces as well as the completed puzzle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Have Timmy watch as another researcher attempts to put the puzzle together as they refer to the pieces using the word puzzle. 
B)  Show Timmy the puzzle pieces, let him play with them and continue to use the word puzzle throughout the process. 
C)  Show Timmy the word puzzle as well as a picture of the puzzle and point to both as you say the word puzzle. 
D)  Show Timmy the completed puzzle as well as the process of completing the puzzle while talking about the object/objects as a puzzle. 
A)  Have Timmy watch as another researcher attempts to put the puzzle together as they refer to the pieces using the word puzzle. 
B)  Show Timmy the puzzle pieces, let him play with them and continue to use the word puzzle throughout the process. 
C)  Show Timmy the word puzzle as well as a picture of the puzzle and point to both as you say the word puzzle. 
D)  Show Timmy the completed puzzle as well as the process of completing the puzzle while talking about the object/objects as a puzzle.

Which word contains more than one morpheme?

Based on Baldwin and colleagues 1993 and 1996 studies on associative learning in very young children, in which scenario would a child be most likely to learn that a round object is a ball?

Some words, like the Czech word lítost, have extremely abstract and subtle meanings. What is the most likely explanation for how children are able to learn such words?

Based on the results of Hart and Risley's 1995 study about the number of words children hear on average per hour, describe the ideal conditions for a child's vocabulary and linguistic development and why that matters.

When children begin to learn about word-object relationships, they usually learn this information when their parents

Based on the results of Stager and Werker's 1997 study, which two words would a 14-month-old child be most likely to understand as having two different meanings?

Evidence for similarity between adults' and children's lexical representation for sound and meaning is supported by White et al.'s 2013 study, using an artificial language, where

According to the concept of contingency, you can enhance the quality of input received by a child by

Derivational affixes help us transform categories of words; which addition is an example of such a transformation?

How does Rumelhart and McClelland's 1986 connectionist model attempt to explain how children learn the proper forms of both regular and irregular verbs?

_______ describes what happens over time when a specialized word, for example a brand name, becomes a commonplace and universal term for a category of things, such as using Band-Aid to describe a sticky, plastic wound covering.

Which one of these might be considered a feature of referential transparency?

Which example does not support the mutual exclusivity bias?

Jean Berko Gleason's 1958 study is hailed as a pivotal investigation into children's word-form use. Based on her results, what prediction would you make about how complex word forms are learned by children of the same age as those in the study?

Which of the following is the best example of a basic-level category?

A child who, at an early age, used irregular verb forms correctly (using grow and its past tense grew) suddenly began using growed instead of grew. This child

Human natural languages seem to follow a duality of patterning, meaning that

As a neurolinguist, you would predict that a patient with Alzheimer's disease would have more trouble retrieving the past-tense verb _______ than would a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Which training technique would best help Timmy, a 12-month-old, to associate the word puzzle with a collection of puzzle pieces as well as the completed puzzle?

Origins of Human Language

Language and the Brain

Learning Sound Patterns

Learning the Structure of Sentences

Speech Perception

Word Recognition

Understanding Sentence Structure and Meaning

Filters

Exam 4: Learning Words

Which word contains more than one morpheme?

Based on Baldwin and colleagues 1993 and 1996 studies on associative learning in very young children, in which scenario would a child be most likely to learn that a round object is a ball?

Some words, like the Czech word lítost, have extremely abstract and subtle meanings. What is the most likely explanation for how children are able to learn such words?

Based on the results of Hart and Risley's 1995 study about the number of words children hear on average per hour, describe the ideal conditions for a child's vocabulary and linguistic development and why that matters.

When children begin to learn about word-object relationships, they usually learn this information when their parents

Based on the results of Stager and Werker's 1997 study, which two words would a 14-month-old child be most likely to understand as having two different meanings?

Evidence for similarity between adults' and children's lexical representation for sound and meaning is supported by White et al.'s 2013 study, using an artificial language, where

According to the concept of contingency, you can enhance the quality of input received by a child by

Derivational affixes help us transform categories of words; which addition is an example of such a transformation?

How does Rumelhart and McClelland's 1986 connectionist model attempt to explain how children learn the proper forms of both regular and irregular verbs?

_______ describes what happens over time when a specialized word, for example a brand name, becomes a commonplace and universal term for a category of things, such as using Band-Aid to describe a sticky, plastic wound covering.

Which one of these might be considered a feature of referential transparency?

Which example does not support the mutual exclusivity bias?

Jean Berko Gleason's 1958 study is hailed as a pivotal investigation into children's word-form use. Based on her results, what prediction would you make about how complex word forms are learned by children of the same age as those in the study?

Which of the following is the best example of a basic-level category?

A child who, at an early age, used irregular verb forms correctly (using grow and its past tense grew) suddenly began using growed instead of grew. This child

Human natural languages seem to follow a duality of patterning, meaning that

As a neurolinguist, you would predict that a patient with Alzheimer's disease would have more trouble retrieving the past-tense verb _______ than would a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Which training technique would best help Timmy, a 12-month-old, to associate the word puzzle with a collection of puzzle pieces as well as the completed puzzle?

Origins of Human Language

Language and the Brain

Learning Sound Patterns

Learning the Structure of Sentences

Speech Perception

Word Recognition

Understanding Sentence Structure and Meaning

Filters