Question 1

_______ occurs when a participant reports hearing both the missing phoneme as well as the non-linguistic sound, such as a sneeze, that replaced it.

Accepted Answer

A)  The phoneme restoration effect 
B)  Compensation for coarticulation 
C)  A mondegreen 
D)  Phonemic awareness 
A)  The phoneme restoration effect 
B)  Compensation for coarticulation 
C)  A mondegreen 
D)  Phonemic awareness A

Question 2

Which speech-perception task would place the greatest demand on short-term memory (working memory)?

Accepted Answer

A)  A task in which a subject in an fMRI scanner passively listens to repeating syllable stimuli that sometimes change acoustically 
B)  A task in which a subject is instructed to click on a computer image that matches a word they hear 
C)  A forced-choice identification task 
D)  An ABX discrimination task 
A)  A task in which a subject in an fMRI scanner passively listens to repeating syllable stimuli that sometimes change acoustically 
B)  A task in which a subject is instructed to click on a computer image that matches a word they hear 
C)  A forced-choice identification task 
D)  An ABX discrimination task D

Question 3

When dubbing a film into another language has been done very well, the sound team has taken advantage of which aspect of speech perception?

Accepted Answer

A)  You cannot tell, just by looking, how rounded or spread a speaker's lips are held unless you have extensive familiarity with the speaker's face and lips. 
B)  The McGurk effect works only for vowels, so the soundtrack has more influence than the video image. 
C)  Viewers take pride in their own language, so they tend to "see" it in all actor speech, especially when the actor is attractive. 
D)  Voicing and tongue gestures are barely visible, or are invisible, meaning that the actor's appearance is compatible with multiple phonemes. 
A)  You cannot tell, just by looking, how rounded or spread a speaker's lips are held unless you have extensive familiarity with the speaker's face and lips. 
B)  The McGurk effect works only for vowels, so the soundtrack has more influence than the video image. 
C)  Viewers take pride in their own language, so they tend to "see" it in all actor speech, especially when the actor is attractive. 
D)  Voicing and tongue gestures are barely visible, or are invisible, meaning that the actor's appearance is compatible with multiple phonemes. D

Question 4

The Ganong effect is to linguistic perceptual invariance as _______ is to visual perceptual invariance.

Accepted Answer

A)  the uniqueness point 
B)  implicit priming 
C)  shape constancy 
D)  color constancy 
A)  the uniqueness point 
B)  implicit priming 
C)  shape constancy 
D)  color constancy

Question 5

When is it most likely that articulatory knowledge of how speech sounds are made strongly helps speech perception?

Accepted Answer

A)  When Spanish students learning Basque as a foreign language start by trying to imitate sound contrasts that do not occur in Spanish 
B)  When people are tasked with manipulating abstract categories of sound, requiring conscious effort 
C)  When the speech sounds are quite familiar, so the participants know more about their production 
D)  When the environment is quiet, so listeners can hear the more subtle sounds of jaw cartilage and mouth muscle movements 
A)  When Spanish students learning Basque as a foreign language start by trying to imitate sound contrasts that do not occur in Spanish 
B)  When people are tasked with manipulating abstract categories of sound, requiring conscious effort 
C)  When the speech sounds are quite familiar, so the participants know more about their production 
D)  When the environment is quiet, so listeners can hear the more subtle sounds of jaw cartilage and mouth muscle movements

Question 6

Which response is not a challenge engineers faced in designing automated speech recognition software?

Accepted Answer

A)  The stream of speech sounds proceeds without many silences, making it hard to decide when the signal has ended one word and begun the next word. 
B)  Individual speakers vary widely in how they pronounce phonemes. 
C)  Even a voice-activated toy dog must understand the meaning of individual words if it is to respond differently to each of them. 
D)  Background noise overlaps with the kinds of sounds present in the speech signal, making it unclear which source produced which component of the sound stream. 
A)  The stream of speech sounds proceeds without many silences, making it hard to decide when the signal has ended one word and begun the next word. 
B)  Individual speakers vary widely in how they pronounce phonemes. 
C)  Even a voice-activated toy dog must understand the meaning of individual words if it is to respond differently to each of them. 
D)  Background noise overlaps with the kinds of sounds present in the speech signal, making it unclear which source produced which component of the sound stream.

Question 7

Two or more similar sounds that are variants of the same phoneme are called

Accepted Answer

A)  allophones 
B)  morphemes 
C)  warped perceptions 
D)  sorted phonemes 
A)  allophones 
B)  morphemes 
C)  warped perceptions 
D)  sorted phonemes

Question 8

Emily Myers (2009) performed fMRI brain imaging on subjects who were hearing and watching stimuli that produced the McGurk illusion. What aspects of the stimuli predicted selective brain activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neural responses during the McGurk effect are no different than during trials without the effect. 
B)  Auditory neural regions represented the phonemic category rather than the acoustic gradient within it. 
C)  Auditory neural regions represented any kind of perceptible acoustic change. 
D)  Some neural regions responded selectively to an abstract sound category, whereas other neural regions responded selectively to acoustic details even within a category. 
A)  Neural responses during the McGurk effect are no different than during trials without the effect. 
B)  Auditory neural regions represented the phonemic category rather than the acoustic gradient within it. 
C)  Auditory neural regions represented any kind of perceptible acoustic change. 
D)  Some neural regions responded selectively to an abstract sound category, whereas other neural regions responded selectively to acoustic details even within a category.

Question 9

Under what conditions does the Ganong effect disappear? What does this tell us about the effects of context on word perception?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under what conditions does the Ganong effect...

Question 10

Tasha is a spy who must interact regularly with people from many different parts of the world. Most of her contacts speak English, but they often have heavy accents that make communication difficult. What strategy should she use to become better at comprehending strangers with unfamiliar accents?

Accepted Answer

A)  She should go to subtitled foreign movies to absorb sounds without necessarily trying to comprehend them. 
B)  She should seek accent-specific training, exposing herself to speakers of each new accents she might encounter. 
C)  She should expose herself to a number of talkers who each have unique accent, thereby improving her skills at understanding all accents. 
D)  She must try to obtain recordings of the actual individuals she hopes to be able to understand. 
A)  She should go to subtitled foreign movies to absorb sounds without necessarily trying to comprehend them. 
B)  She should seek accent-specific training, exposing herself to speakers of each new accents she might encounter. 
C)  She should expose herself to a number of talkers who each have unique accent, thereby improving her skills at understanding all accents. 
D)  She must try to obtain recordings of the actual individuals she hopes to be able to understand.

Question 11

There is evidence that developmental dyslexia is related to deficits in speech perception. Name specific examples of these deficits that could lead to dyslexia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There is evidence that developmental dyslexia is...

Question 12

Describe the McGurk effect and how it works.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the McGurk effect and how it...

Question 13

How does a ventriloquist exploit features of speech perception to create the illusion that the dummy is the source of the speech the audience hears? Be specific in referring to several of both the perceptual phenomena involved, and the on-stage strategies at play.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does a ventriloquist exploit features of...

Question 14

Which sound contrasts differ in their place of articulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  /b/ vs. /p/ 
B)  The /p/ in pool vs. in spool 
C)  oo vs. ow 
D)  /p/ vs. /k/ 
A)  /b/ vs. /p/ 
B)  The /p/ in pool vs. in spool 
C)  oo vs. ow 
D)  /p/ vs. /k/

Question 15

In general, ventriloquists seem to use techniques and illusions that heavily rely on their audience's _______ processing of stimuli, where previous knowledge has a great influence on shaping perception.

Accepted Answer

A)  top-down 
B)  bottom-up 
C)  architectural 
D)  crossmodal 
A)  top-down 
B)  bottom-up 
C)  architectural 
D)  crossmodal

Question 16

In a test for categorical perception, participants hear two sounds and are asked to say whether the sounds are the same phoneme or different phonemes. What have such tests found?

Accepted Answer

A)  Performance is poor at first, but listeners become more discerning between sounds with practice. 
B)  Performance is poor despite large acoustic differences, as long as the sounds fall within the same phoneme category. 
C)  Performance is better if the sounds are acoustically different and fall within the same phoneme category than it is if they come from different phoneme categories. 
D)  Listeners can respond equally well to all sound differences but take more time to respond if the sounds come from the same phoneme category. 
A)  Performance is poor at first, but listeners become more discerning between sounds with practice. 
B)  Performance is poor despite large acoustic differences, as long as the sounds fall within the same phoneme category. 
C)  Performance is better if the sounds are acoustically different and fall within the same phoneme category than it is if they come from different phoneme categories. 
D)  Listeners can respond equally well to all sound differences but take more time to respond if the sounds come from the same phoneme category.

Question 17

Why might a researcher be justified in wanting to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  If correctly targeted, TMS can generate auditory hallucinations of whatever speech sounds the researcher is interested in investigating. 
B)  When "naturally occurring" damage interferes with brain activity, it often affects many brain regions beyond those the researcher can hypothesize about. 
C)  The pulses of magnetic stimulation are totally reversible and will not affect the functioning of the brain after they are turned off. 
D)  Brain disorders do not occur naturally in children during the ages when they are learning to produce speech. 
A)  If correctly targeted, TMS can generate auditory hallucinations of whatever speech sounds the researcher is interested in investigating. 
B)  When "naturally occurring" damage interferes with brain activity, it often affects many brain regions beyond those the researcher can hypothesize about. 
C)  The pulses of magnetic stimulation are totally reversible and will not affect the functioning of the brain after they are turned off. 
D)  Brain disorders do not occur naturally in children during the ages when they are learning to produce speech.

Question 18

Suppose an individual speaker consistently used VOT to distinguish between two phoneme categories (in her production of voiced vs. voiceless sounds) but was not consistent in cuing by means of the pitch at the beginning of the vowel that follows these sounds. What acoustic cue(s) will this individual then use to categorize voicing distinctions in speech sounds that she passively hears others produce?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pitch 
B)  VOT 
C)  Both VOT and pitch 
D)  Some other cue 
A)  Pitch 
B)  VOT 
C)  Both VOT and pitch 
D)  Some other cue

Question 19

Why is it generally harder for individuals older than 70 to understand audible speech?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hearing loss, which is nearly universal in this age group, explains the major difficulties. 
B)  There are so many redundant cues in speech that it confuses older listeners. 
C)  Since their own muscles are slowed down, they stop understanding visual cues to lip-read. 
D)  The processing of temporal auditory information can be impaired in older adults even when frequencies are reliably heard at low volumes. 
A)  Hearing loss, which is nearly universal in this age group, explains the major difficulties. 
B)  There are so many redundant cues in speech that it confuses older listeners. 
C)  Since their own muscles are slowed down, they stop understanding visual cues to lip-read. 
D)  The processing of temporal auditory information can be impaired in older adults even when frequencies are reliably heard at low volumes.

Question 20

You move to New York City and have trouble understanding a salesclerk in a local store who has a thick foreign accent. Several months later, your trouble has mostly vanished. Explain what this reveals about peoples' sensitivity to acoustic details in speech.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You move to New York City and...

_______ occurs when a participant reports hearing both the missing phoneme as well as the non-linguistic sound, such as a sneeze, that replaced it.

Which speech-perception task would place the greatest demand on short-term memory (working memory)?

When dubbing a film into another language has been done very well, the sound team has taken advantage of which aspect of speech perception?

The Ganong effect is to linguistic perceptual invariance as _______ is to visual perceptual invariance.

When is it most likely that articulatory knowledge of how speech sounds are made strongly helps speech perception?

Which response is not a challenge engineers faced in designing automated speech recognition software?

Two or more similar sounds that are variants of the same phoneme are called

Emily Myers (2009) performed fMRI brain imaging on subjects who were hearing and watching stimuli that produced the McGurk illusion. What aspects of the stimuli predicted selective brain activity?

Under what conditions does the Ganong effect disappear? What does this tell us about the effects of context on word perception?

Tasha is a spy who must interact regularly with people from many different parts of the world. Most of her contacts speak English, but they often have heavy accents that make communication difficult. What strategy should she use to become better at comprehending strangers with unfamiliar accents?

There is evidence that developmental dyslexia is related to deficits in speech perception. Name specific examples of these deficits that could lead to dyslexia.

Describe the McGurk effect and how it works.

How does a ventriloquist exploit features of speech perception to create the illusion that the dummy is the source of the speech the audience hears? Be specific in referring to several of both the perceptual phenomena involved, and the on-stage strategies at play.

Which sound contrasts differ in their place of articulation?

In general, ventriloquists seem to use techniques and illusions that heavily rely on their audience's _______ processing of stimuli, where previous knowledge has a great influence on shaping perception.

In a test for categorical perception, participants hear two sounds and are asked to say whether the sounds are the same phoneme or different phonemes. What have such tests found?

Why might a researcher be justified in wanting to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Why is it generally harder for individuals older than 70 to understand audible speech?

You move to New York City and have trouble understanding a salesclerk in a local store who has a thick foreign accent. Several months later, your trouble has mostly vanished. Explain what this reveals about peoples' sensitivity to acoustic details in speech.

Origins of Human Language

Language and the Brain

Learning Sound Patterns

Learning Words

Learning the Structure of Sentences

Word Recognition

Understanding Sentence Structure and Meaning

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Exam 6: Speech Perception

_______ occurs when a participant reports hearing both the missing phoneme as well as the non-linguistic sound, such as a sneeze, that replaced it.

Which speech-perception task would place the greatest demand on short-term memory (working memory)?

When dubbing a film into another language has been done very well, the sound team has taken advantage of which aspect of speech perception?

The Ganong effect is to linguistic perceptual invariance as _______ is to visual perceptual invariance.

When is it most likely that articulatory knowledge of how speech sounds are made strongly helps speech perception?

Which response is not a challenge engineers faced in designing automated speech recognition software?

Two or more similar sounds that are variants of the same phoneme are called

Emily Myers (2009) performed fMRI brain imaging on subjects who were hearing and watching stimuli that produced the McGurk illusion. What aspects of the stimuli predicted selective brain activity?

Under what conditions does the Ganong effect disappear? What does this tell us about the effects of context on word perception?

Tasha is a spy who must interact regularly with people from many different parts of the world. Most of her contacts speak English, but they often have heavy accents that make communication difficult. What strategy should she use to become better at comprehending strangers with unfamiliar accents?

There is evidence that developmental dyslexia is related to deficits in speech perception. Name specific examples of these deficits that could lead to dyslexia.

Describe the McGurk effect and how it works.

How does a ventriloquist exploit features of speech perception to create the illusion that the dummy is the source of the speech the audience hears? Be specific in referring to several of both the perceptual phenomena involved, and the on-stage strategies at play.

Which sound contrasts differ in their place of articulation?

In general, ventriloquists seem to use techniques and illusions that heavily rely on their audience's _______ processing of stimuli, where previous knowledge has a great influence on shaping perception.

In a test for categorical perception, participants hear two sounds and are asked to say whether the sounds are the same phoneme or different phonemes. What have such tests found?

Why might a researcher be justified in wanting to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Why is it generally harder for individuals older than 70 to understand audible speech?

You move to New York City and have trouble understanding a salesclerk in a local store who has a thick foreign accent. Several months later, your trouble has mostly vanished. Explain what this reveals about peoples' sensitivity to acoustic details in speech.

Origins of Human Language

Language and the Brain

Learning Sound Patterns

Learning Words

Learning the Structure of Sentences

Word Recognition

Understanding Sentence Structure and Meaning

Filters