Exam 5: Visual Technologies, Reproduction, and the Copy

Disseminated by Kodak to labs that processed film, the Shirley card was a reference card used to calibrate skin tone. The original Shirley card, named for the first woman who sat for it, and many subsequent versions, used only one model in the image, and she was white. This lasted until 1995, when Kodak introduced a reference card featuring a white, Asian, and black woman with different skin tones. The Shirley card serves as an example of the ways in which ____________ are embedded in machine design, put into play just by using them.

A digital image is different from a traditional film photograph in that it does not have a __________.

As used by semiotician Charles Pierce, a photograph's ____________ is its ability to serve as empirical evidence of the real.

Walter Benjamin defined a work of art's ____________ as "its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be."

The pink triangle used in Silence = Death is a(n) __________ of a homophobic Nazi symbol.

Explain the initial opposition to photography in the fine art market.

Why is the reproduction of Latin American revolutionary figure Che Guevara ironic?

In 2017, artist Cady Noland filed a lawsuit seeking the destruction of Log Cabin (1990), a wooden sculpture formerly attributed to Noland that she has since disavowed. The suit states that, in an effort to conserve the piece, the collector who owned it, Wilhelm Schürmann, entirely reconstructed it from new wood without requesting permission from or notifying the artist. Noland argues that rather than restoring the original, Schürmann built an unauthorized copy of Log Cabin, which he sold for $1.4 million shortly thereafter. This copy and its subsequent sale violated the ____________ of her work.

According to Nancy West, what is the dominant hope of American culture since the early nineteenth century?

Compare John Constable's Deadham Vale (1802) to J. M. W. Turner's Rain, Speed and Steam - The Great Western Railway (1844). What do they tell us about the impacts of industrialization on the landscape?

Use the terminology of Charles Pierce to explain what happens to the idea of photographic truth when an image that looks like a photograph is created on a computer with no camera at all.

Whereas a(n) ____________ finds its original referent in the real, a ____________ generates a new "real" without an original.

Why is the Fair Use Doctrine not sufficient protection for some artists who frequently copy, borrow, and appropriate?

Even if the photographer obtains consent from his or her subject, what does John David Viera critique as the deeper problem of the rights over one's own image or likeness?

Gigi is a photographer who uses analog film exclusively. She has told her children that when she dies, she would like all her negatives burned. As the negatives will be permanently destroyed, no one will print an image she did not want seen by the public or poorly print an image she did like. While control over her body of work is her true motivation, once the negatives are destroyed, prints by her that are already in circulation will no longer be reproduced, adding to their value as a(n) ____________.

Amazon's Prime Air is a delivery system that will use drones to get packages to customers in thirty minutes. While Aaron appreciates the convenience of this program, he is hesitant to choose it as his preferred delivery method when he checks out. Jake, on the other hand, excitedly chooses Prime Air. Thrilled to receive his new spatula and persuaded that new technologies move society forward, Jake would like to be part of the innovative delivery system from the very beginning. Jake is a(n) ____________.

Scholars of ____________ proposed that understanding the work of designing, making, and using a technological machine is as important as understanding what a technology produces.

Describe two artworks that reproduced Sherrie Levine's Untitled (After Edward Weston, ca. 1925) (1981). How does each work address replication in the visual arts?

In the 1970s and 1980s, Camel cigarettes advertised with a campaign called "Where a Man Belongs." It featured a blonde, brawny, mustached man constantly smoking a Camel or lighting one. He was depicted in the rugged terrain of ambiguously exotic locales. He walked across deserts, manned his own raft down a river surrounded by a rainforest, and set up camp next to wolves on snowy mountains. He was everywhere but nowhere you'd been. This ad campaign is most similar to the fantasy world associated with which product?

In 2002, the FBI detained Bangladeshi-born artist Hasan Elahi at the Detroit Metropolitan airport, pursuing an erroneous tip that he was stockpiling explosive devices in a storage unit in Florida. Following this incident, he created Tracking Transience, an ongoing project whose audience can visit a website that shows Elahi's current and past locations. In addition, he has uploaded over 46,000 images and compiled databases that log the smallest minutiae of his everyday life. His use of automated technology to create a surfeit of information focused on process is most like ____________.