Disseminated by Kodak to Labs That Processed Film, the Shirley

Disseminated by Kodak to labs that processed film, the Shirley card was a reference card used to calibrate skin tone. The original Shirley card, named for the first woman who sat for it, and many subsequent versions, used only one model in the image, and she was white. This lasted until 1995, when Kodak introduced a reference card featuring a white, Asian, and black woman with different skin tones. The Shirley card serves as an example of the ways in which ____________ are embedded in machine design, put into play just by using them.

A) social and political perspectives
B) technological advancements
C) the psychic effects of industrialization
D) countervisual strategies

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