Question 1

According to Kantians and contractarians, _______ are members of the moral community.

Accepted Answer

A)  living things and the nonliving environment 
B)  only living things 
C)  only humans and animals 
D)  only humans 
A)  living things and the nonliving environment 
B)  only living things 
C)  only humans and animals 
D)  only humans

Question 2

Which of the following is true of public morality?

Accepted Answer

A)  It includes duties of justice. 
B)  It includes duties of goodness. 
C)  It consists of the moral duties of governments. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  It includes duties of justice. 
B)  It includes duties of goodness. 
C)  It consists of the moral duties of governments. 
D)  All of the above

Question 3

Talk about:
-Natural

Accepted Answer

neither cr

Question 4

Which of these statements best summarizes Sinnott-Armstrong's conclusion in his paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals are morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 
B)  Individuals in developed countries are morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 
C)  Individuals are not currently morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions if doing so would involve significant burdens. 
D)  Individuals are not currently morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 
A)  Individuals are morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 
B)  Individuals in developed countries are morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 
C)  Individuals are not currently morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions if doing so would involve significant burdens. 
D)  Individuals are not currently morally obligated to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 5

Case Study
The town of Woodsville has long been proud of its beautiful untouched woodlands. Their natural beauty is celebrated by the town's residents and local conservationists have gone to tremendous efforts to care for them. Recently, Woodsville, like many rustbelt towns in the United States, has seen an unprecedented number of its residents fall prey to the opioid crisis. Many addicts are unable to find cost-effective services for recovery and the numbers of homeless addicts are rising at an alarming rate.
Due to emergency funding form the state, Woodsville is eligible for a grant that would allow them to build a government-funded addiction treatment center in town. It would provide needed low-cost recovery services for hundreds of people and would also provide many needed jobs opportunities for locals. However, the grant only allows for the treatment center to be built on public land. The only option for Woodsville to accept the treatment center is to allow 100 acres of their woodlands to be deforested for the build cite.
-How can the value of plant and animal life be weighed against the value of human life in this case?

Accepted Answer

The value of plant and animal life must

Question 6

According to Kantians, contractarians and utilitarians, the nonliving environment is

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumentally valuable. 
B)  intrinsically valuable. 
C)  Both a and b 
D)  Neither a nor b 
A)  instrumentally valuable. 
B)  intrinsically valuable. 
C)  Both a and b 
D)  Neither a nor b

Question 7

Which of the following is true of duties of goodness?

Accepted Answer

A)  They apply only to governments. 
B)  They trump all other kinds of moral duties. 
C)  They concern improving the world. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  They apply only to governments. 
B)  They trump all other kinds of moral duties. 
C)  They concern improving the world. 
D)  All of the above

Question 8

Taylor claims that when there is a conflict between our respect for persons and our respect for nature, we should

Accepted Answer

A)  favor the interests of persons. 
B)  favor the interests of nature. 
C)  maximize the number of interests satisfied. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  favor the interests of persons. 
B)  favor the interests of nature. 
C)  maximize the number of interests satisfied. 
D)  None of the above

Question 9

Explain and discuss the biocentrism argument. Do you agree that all and only living things are intrinsically valuable? Do you agree that all living things are equally intrinsically valuable? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Biocentrism is the ethical perspective t

Question 10

Which of the following types of things would Taylor claim has a good of its own?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organisms 
B)  Species populations 
C)  Communities of life 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Organisms 
B)  Species populations 
C)  Communities of life 
D)  All of the above

Question 11

According to the text, one difficulty with arguing that there is something important in itself about being natural is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the term "natural" is ambiguous. 
B)  nothing is truly natural. 
C)  many artificial things are valuable. 
D)  the term "important" is ambiguous. 
A)  the term "natural" is ambiguous. 
B)  nothing is truly natural. 
C)  many artificial things are valuable. 
D)  the term "important" is ambiguous.

Question 12

What is an anthropocentric approach to ethics? What alternative does Taylor propose to such views? What does Taylor's view imply about how we should live our lives? Defend your answers.

Accepted Answer

An anthropocentric approach to ethics is

Question 13

Sinnott-Armstrong points out that greenhouse gases are perfectly fine in small quantities- the problem emerges only when there is too much of them. Which principle does this undermine as a basis for the wrongness of driving unnecessarily?

Accepted Answer

A)  The harm principle 
B)  The universalizability principle 
C)  The means principle 
D)  The risk principle 
A)  The harm principle 
B)  The universalizability principle 
C)  The means principle 
D)  The risk principle

Question 14

The standard view among Western philosophers is that nonhuman elements of the environment are

Accepted Answer

A)  always members of the moral community. 
B)  never members of the moral community. 
C)  sometimes members of the moral community. 
D)  None of the above (There is no standard view among Western philosophers.) 
A)  always members of the moral community. 
B)  never members of the moral community. 
C)  sometimes members of the moral community. 
D)  None of the above (There is no standard view among Western philosophers.)

Question 15

In economics, a harm that is not borne by the person or persons who caused it is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  externality. 
B)  inefficiency 
C)  Pareto improvement. 
D)  marginal loss. 
A)  externality. 
B)  inefficiency 
C)  Pareto improvement. 
D)  marginal loss.

Question 16

Talk about:
-Carbon sink

Accepted Answer

a large system (e.g., an ocean

Question 17

Talk about:
-Biocentric

Accepted Answer

focused on all living things a

Question 18

According to a life-centered system of environmental ethics,

Accepted Answer

A)  we have prima facie moral obligations to wild plants and animals to protect and promote their good for their sake. 
B)  we never have a reason to promote the interests of humans over the interests of nonhumans. 
C)  all living things have the same interests. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  we have prima facie moral obligations to wild plants and animals to protect and promote their good for their sake. 
B)  we never have a reason to promote the interests of humans over the interests of nonhumans. 
C)  all living things have the same interests. 
D)  None of the above

Question 19

What does Hill say about anti-environmentalists who think that nature is valuable, but only insofar as it is a means to enjoyment?

Accepted Answer

A)  They lack the common human tendency to cherish what enriches our lives. 
B)  They don't think that nature is valuable for the right reasons. 
C)  They are irrational. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  They lack the common human tendency to cherish what enriches our lives. 
B)  They don't think that nature is valuable for the right reasons. 
C)  They are irrational. 
D)  All of the above

Question 20

Environmentalists commonly argue that the nonliving environment is intrinsically valuable because it is

Accepted Answer

A)  important to humans. 
B)  artificial. 
C)  natural. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  important to humans. 
B)  artificial. 
C)  natural. 
D)  All of the above

Exam 14: The Environment

According to Kantians and contractarians, _______ are members of the moral community.

Which of the following is true of public morality?

Talk about: -Natural

Which of these statements best summarizes Sinnott-Armstrong's conclusion in his paper?

According to Kantians, contractarians and utilitarians, the nonliving environment is

Which of the following is true of duties of goodness?

Taylor claims that when there is a conflict between our respect for persons and our respect for nature, we should

Explain and discuss the biocentrism argument. Do you agree that all and only living things are intrinsically valuable? Do you agree that all living things are equally intrinsically valuable? Why or why not?

Which of the following types of things would Taylor claim has a good of its own?

According to the text, one difficulty with arguing that there is something important in itself about being natural is that

What is an anthropocentric approach to ethics? What alternative does Taylor propose to such views? What does Taylor's view imply about how we should live our lives? Defend your answers.

Sinnott-Armstrong points out that greenhouse gases are perfectly fine in small quantities- the problem emerges only when there is too much of them. Which principle does this undermine as a basis for the wrongness of driving unnecessarily?

The standard view among Western philosophers is that nonhuman elements of the environment are

In economics, a harm that is not borne by the person or persons who caused it is known as a(n)

Talk about: -Carbon sink

Talk about: -Biocentric

According to a life-centered system of environmental ethics,

What does Hill say about anti-environmentalists who think that nature is valuable, but only insofar as it is a means to enjoyment?

Environmentalists commonly argue that the nonliving environment is intrinsically valuable because it is

Moral Theory

Moral Reasoning

Skepticism About Morality

The Good Life

Consequentialism

Kantian Ethics

Social Contract Theory

Natural Law

The Ethic of Prima Facie Duties

Virtue Ethics

Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care

Abortion

Animals

Euthanasia

Economic Justice and Economic Inequality

Globalization and Immigration

The Legacy of Racism

Privacy

The Death Penalty

Drugs

Genetic Engineering

Sexual Morality

Filters