Question 1

Talk about:
-Atheists

Accepted Answer

those who believe that God does not exist.

Question 2

According to Mackie, what best explains variations in moral codes?

Accepted Answer

A)  That they reflect ways of life 
B)  That they express perceptions of objective values 
C)  That moral judgments lack descriptive meaning 
D)  All of the above 
A)  That they reflect ways of life 
B)  That they express perceptions of objective values 
C)  That moral judgments lack descriptive meaning 
D)  All of the above A

Question 3

Mackie maintains that the mere occurrence of disagreement shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no objective values. 
B)  there are no objective truths. 
C)  moral judgments are purely conventional. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  there are no objective values. 
B)  there are no objective truths. 
C)  moral judgments are purely conventional. 
D)  None of the above D

Question 4

According to Jeske, cultural relativism _______ toleration.

Accepted Answer

A)  is, under no circumstance, compatible with 
B)  is the best theory to promote 
C)  necessarily entails 
D)  is, under certain circumstances, incompatible with 
A)  is, under no circumstance, compatible with 
B)  is the best theory to promote 
C)  necessarily entails 
D)  is, under certain circumstances, incompatible with

Question 5

Talk about:
-Iconoclast

Accepted Answer

a person whose views

Question 6

According to Mackie, what is the difference between scientific disagreement and moral disagreement?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is less disagreement about science than there is about morality. 
B)  Scientific disagreement results from speculative inferences or inadequate evidence while moral disagreement does not. 
C)  Most scientific disagreement gets resolved while most moral disagreement does not. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  There is less disagreement about science than there is about morality. 
B)  Scientific disagreement results from speculative inferences or inadequate evidence while moral disagreement does not. 
C)  Most scientific disagreement gets resolved while most moral disagreement does not. 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

Do you think Mackie succeeds in showing that all moral claims are false? If yes, explain what you think is the best objection to his arguments and why you think it fails to refute Mackie's conclusion. If no, explain why Mackie's arguments fail to establish his conclusion.

Accepted Answer

I do not think Mackie succeeds in showin

Question 8

Explain the companions in guilt response to the argument from queerness. Which of the companions Mackie discusses do you think is most "queer?" Do you think we should be error theorists about this companion? Defend your answers.

Accepted Answer

The companions in guilt response to the

Question 9

Which of the arguments offered by error theorists do you find most powerful and why? Does the argument you chose establish the truth of error theory? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The argument offered by error theorists

Question 10

What is moral progress? Why is moral progress impossible if relativism is true? How serious of a problem is this for the theory? Defend your answers.

Accepted Answer

Moral progress can be understood as the

Question 11

In what ways does ethical egoism require actions that seem to be paradigmatic cases of immorality? How serious of a problem is this for the theory? What should the egoist say in response? Defend your answers.

Accepted Answer

A good essay will:
@#LAT-DLM& Define eth

Question 12

Talk about:
-Categorical reasons

Accepted Answer

reasons that apply t

Question 13

According to Jeske, if cultural relativism is true, then moral disagreement across cultures is

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of differences in non-moral beliefs. 
B)  merely apparent. 
C)  a justification for moral skepticism. 
D)  impossible to resolve. 
A)  the result of differences in non-moral beliefs. 
B)  merely apparent. 
C)  a justification for moral skepticism. 
D)  impossible to resolve.

Question 14

Jeske claims that rejecting cultural relativism does not entail intolerance and that accepting cultural relativism is actually incompatible with tolerance under certain circumstances. How does Jeske argue for these claims? Are her arguments convincing? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Jeske argues that rejecting cultural rel

Question 15

Case Study
In 1994, a 17-year-old girl named Fauziya Kassindja entered the United States seeking asylum. She had fled her native country of Togo to escape female genital mutilation (FGM). FGM is a permanently disfiguring procedure that UNICEF estimates up to 200 million women have undergone. Though Fauziya's immediate family opposed FGM, her father suddenly died when she was 16. After her father's death, Fauziya's grandfather arranged for her to undergo FGM (read more on HYPERLINK "http://www.pbs.org/speaktruthtopower/fauziya.html" PBS).
Fauziya's mother and sister managed to help her escape to avoid FGM. However, in the United States, Fauziya was imprisoned for two years while the authorities decided what to do with her. She was finally granted asylum but not before becoming center of a controversy about how Americans should regard the social practices of other cultures. A series of articles in the New York Times argued that FGM is a barbaric practice that should be condemned. But others were reluctant to be to make such judgments, worrying that it would be intolerant or imperialistic to condemn other cultures' social practices, even if they were clearly immoral by the standards of American culture.
-Do you think there is anything intolerant or imperialistic about issuing universal moral condemnation of practices like FGM? What about other cultural practices that are less extreme but nevertheless seem morally wrong to us? Is cultural relativism more plausible with regard to some cases than others?

Accepted Answer

There is nothing intolerant or imperiali

Question 16

According to Mackie, moral judgments

Accepted Answer

A)  are false. 
B)  lack descriptive meaning. 
C)  should be treated as expressions of desires. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  are false. 
B)  lack descriptive meaning. 
C)  should be treated as expressions of desires. 
D)  All of the above

Question 17

Talk about:
-Error theory

Accepted Answer

the view that says that (i) there are no

Question 18

What does it mean to say that an ethical standard is objective? In what ways do relativists deny the objectivity of ethics, and why do you think they do so? Is morality objective? Defend your answers.

Accepted Answer

To say that an ethical standard is objec

Question 19

Talk about:
-Objective moral standards

Accepted Answer

those that apply to everyone,

Question 20

Those who accept cultural relativism argue that adhering to a culture-independent moral code

Accepted Answer

A)  leads to moral skepticism. 
B)  makes moral disagreement merely apparent. 
C)  encourages judgmental arrogance that leads to intolerance. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  leads to moral skepticism. 
B)  makes moral disagreement merely apparent. 
C)  encourages judgmental arrogance that leads to intolerance. 
D)  All of the above

Exam 3: Skepticism About Morality

Talk about: -Atheists

According to Mackie, what best explains variations in moral codes?

Mackie maintains that the mere occurrence of disagreement shows that

According to Jeske, cultural relativism _______ toleration.

Talk about: -Iconoclast

According to Mackie, what is the difference between scientific disagreement and moral disagreement?

Do you think Mackie succeeds in showing that all moral claims are false? If yes, explain what you think is the best objection to his arguments and why you think it fails to refute Mackie's conclusion. If no, explain why Mackie's arguments fail to establish his conclusion.

Explain the companions in guilt response to the argument from queerness. Which of the companions Mackie discusses do you think is most "queer?" Do you think we should be error theorists about this companion? Defend your answers.

Which of the arguments offered by error theorists do you find most powerful and why? Does the argument you chose establish the truth of error theory? Why or why not?

What is moral progress? Why is moral progress impossible if relativism is true? How serious of a problem is this for the theory? Defend your answers.

In what ways does ethical egoism require actions that seem to be paradigmatic cases of immorality? How serious of a problem is this for the theory? What should the egoist say in response? Defend your answers.

Talk about: -Categorical reasons

According to Jeske, if cultural relativism is true, then moral disagreement across cultures is

Jeske claims that rejecting cultural relativism does not entail intolerance and that accepting cultural relativism is actually incompatible with tolerance under certain circumstances. How does Jeske argue for these claims? Are her arguments convincing? Why or why not?

According to Mackie, moral judgments

Talk about: -Error theory

What does it mean to say that an ethical standard is objective? In what ways do relativists deny the objectivity of ethics, and why do you think they do so? Is morality objective? Defend your answers.

Talk about: -Objective moral standards

Those who accept cultural relativism argue that adhering to a culture-independent moral code

Moral Theory

Moral Reasoning

The Good Life

Consequentialism

Kantian Ethics

Social Contract Theory

Natural Law

The Ethic of Prima Facie Duties

Virtue Ethics

Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care

Abortion

Animals

The Environment

Euthanasia

Economic Justice and Economic Inequality

Globalization and Immigration

The Legacy of Racism

Privacy

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