Question 1

Goodness of fit is

Accepted Answer

A)  only effective with sociable, securely attached children. 
B)  rarely successful with difficult children. 
C)  only effective with infants and toddlers. 
D)  at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment. 
A)  only effective with sociable, securely attached children. 
B)  rarely successful with difficult children. 
C)  only effective with infants and toddlers. 
D)  at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment.

Question 2

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

Accepted Answer

A)  self-awareness. 
B)  effortful control. 
C)  an internal working model. 
D)  emotional self-regulation. 
A)  self-awareness. 
B)  effortful control. 
C)  an internal working model. 
D)  emotional self-regulation.

Question 3

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no __________ attachment.

Accepted Answer

A)  resistant 
B)  avoidant 
C)  secure 
D)  disorganized/disoriented 
A)  resistant 
B)  avoidant 
C)  secure 
D)  disorganized/disoriented

Question 4

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an

Accepted Answer

A)  explicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
B)  internal working model. 
C)  implicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
D)  external working model. 
A)  explicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
B)  internal working model. 
C)  implicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
D)  external working model.

Question 5

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached. 
B)  full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. 
C)  a history of higher-quality child care predicts poorer social skills. 
D)  child care alone does not contribute to attachment insecurity. 
A)  most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached. 
B)  full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. 
C)  a history of higher-quality child care predicts poorer social skills. 
D)  child care alone does not contribute to attachment insecurity.

Question 6

Troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks Troy up from his babysitter's house after naptime. Troy seeks his father's comfort during times of stress. These examples show that Troy has developed

Accepted Answer

A)  effortful control. 
B)  an internal working model. 
C)  interactional synchrony. 
D)  a categorical self. 
A)  effortful control. 
B)  an internal working model. 
C)  interactional synchrony. 
D)  a categorical self.

Question 7

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality. 
B)  identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures. 
C)  only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup. 
D)  heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion. 
A)  heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality. 
B)  identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures. 
C)  only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup. 
D)  heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.

Question 8

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gretel from Germany 
B)  Yuri from Japan 
C)  Garrett from the United States 
D)  Sascha from an Israeli kibbutz 
A)  Gretel from Germany 
B)  Yuri from Japan 
C)  Garrett from the United States 
D)  Sascha from an Israeli kibbutz

Question 9

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

Accepted Answer

A)  use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting. 
B)  are just as comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent. 
C)  combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time. 
D)  do not show distress when the parent leaves the room. 
A)  use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting. 
B)  are just as comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent. 
C)  combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time. 
D)  do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.

Question 10

Emotional self-regulation requires

Accepted Answer

A)  adult instruction on when to use it. 
B)  goodness of fit. 
C)  social referencing. 
D)  effortful control. 
A)  adult instruction on when to use it. 
B)  goodness of fit. 
C)  social referencing. 
D)  effortful control.

Question 11

Evan covered his eyes when the witch appeared on the screen while he was watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan was using

Accepted Answer

A)  a secure base. 
B)  emotional self-regulation. 
C)  social referencing. 
D)  self-soothing. 
A)  a secure base. 
B)  emotional self-regulation. 
C)  social referencing. 
D)  self-soothing.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

Accepted Answer

A)  By the middle of the second year, it expands to include indirect emotional signals. 
B)  A parent's use of a facial expression alone is a more effective social reference than the use of the voice. 
C)  It does not allow young children to compare their own and others' assessments of events. 
D)  In social referencing, toddlers simply react to others' emotional messages. 
A)  By the middle of the second year, it expands to include indirect emotional signals. 
B)  A parent's use of a facial expression alone is a more effective social reference than the use of the voice. 
C)  It does not allow young children to compare their own and others' assessments of events. 
D)  In social referencing, toddlers simply react to others' emotional messages.

Question 13

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  effortful control. 
B)  an implicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
C)  a categorical self. 
D)  an explicit body self-awareness. 
A)  effortful control. 
B)  an implicit sense of self-world differentiation. 
C)  a categorical self. 
D)  an explicit body self-awareness.

Question 14

In Thomas and Chess's research, ____ percent of children showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics and could not be classified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  25 
C)  35 
D)  50 
A)  10 
B)  25 
C)  35 
D)  50

Question 15

In families with several children,

Accepted Answer

A)  parents tend to look for similarities between siblings. 
B)  parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do. 
C)  both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age. 
D)  parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their child-rearing practices. 
A)  parents tend to look for similarities between siblings. 
B)  parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do. 
C)  both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age. 
D)  parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their child-rearing practices.

Question 16

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidant 
B)  secure 
C)  disorganized/disoriented 
D)  resistant 
A)  avoidant 
B)  secure 
C)  disorganized/disoriented 
D)  resistant

Question 17

Baby Matthew recognizes his own mother's smell, voice, and face. But Matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. In which of Bowlby's phases does Matthew best fit?

Accepted Answer

A)  preattachment 
B)  "attachment in the making" 
C)  "clear-cut" attachment 
D)  formation of a reciprocal relationship 
A)  preattachment 
B)  "attachment in the making" 
C)  "clear-cut" attachment 
D)  formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 18

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  underemphasizes the importance of the mother-infant bond. 
B)  overemphasizes the role of the quality of the parent-child relationship. 
C)  ignores the internal representation of the attachment figure. 
D)  overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment. 
A)  underemphasizes the importance of the mother-infant bond. 
B)  overemphasizes the role of the quality of the parent-child relationship. 
C)  ignores the internal representation of the attachment figure. 
D)  overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

Question 19

Of the following, which is supported by research on fathers?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups. 
B)  In dual-earner families, mothers and fathers devote equal time to caregiving. 
C)  In the United States, high-SES fathers devote more time to their children than low-SES fathers. 
D)  Fathers in Japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the United States. 
A)  In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups. 
B)  In dual-earner families, mothers and fathers devote equal time to caregiving. 
C)  In the United States, high-SES fathers devote more time to their children than low-SES fathers. 
D)  Fathers in Japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the United States.

Question 20

Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is

Accepted Answer

A)  related to the strong division of male and female duties in the tribe. 
B)  unrelated to the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers. 
C)  unrelated to the father's expressions of caring and affection. 
D)  due in great part to an exceptionally cooperative and intimate marital relationship. 
A)  related to the strong division of male and female duties in the tribe. 
B)  unrelated to the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers. 
C)  unrelated to the father's expressions of caring and affection. 
D)  due in great part to an exceptionally cooperative and intimate marital relationship.

Goodness of fit is

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no __________ attachment.

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that

Troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks Troy up from his babysitter's house after naptime. Troy seeks his father's comfort during times of stress. These examples show that Troy has developed

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment?

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

Emotional self-regulation requires

Evan covered his eyes when the witch appeared on the screen while he was watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan was using

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying

In Thomas and Chess's research, ____ percent of children showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics and could not be classified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up.

In families with several children,

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

Baby Matthew recognizes his own mother's smell, voice, and face. But Matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. In which of Bowlby's phases does Matthew best fit?

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

Of the following, which is supported by research on fathers?

Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Emerging Adulthood

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Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Goodness of fit is

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no __________ attachment.

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that

Troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks Troy up from his babysitter's house after naptime. Troy seeks his father's comfort during times of stress. These examples show that Troy has developed

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment?

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

Emotional self-regulation requires

Evan covered his eyes when the witch appeared on the screen while he was watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan was using

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying

In Thomas and Chess's research, ____ percent of children showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics and could not be classified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up.

In families with several children,

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

Baby Matthew recognizes his own mother's smell, voice, and face. But Matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. In which of Bowlby's phases does Matthew best fit?

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

Of the following, which is supported by research on fathers?

Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Emerging Adulthood

Filters