Question 1

When caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to ________ and fathers devote more time to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  playful interactions; feeding and diaper changes 
B)  feeding and diaper changes; emotional closeness 
C)  playful interactions; emotional closeness 
D)  physical care; playful interactions 
A)  playful interactions; feeding and diaper changes 
B)  feeding and diaper changes; emotional closeness 
C)  playful interactions; emotional closeness 
D)  physical care; playful interactions

Question 2

The overall stability of temperament is

Accepted Answer

A)  high in infancy. 
B)  low from the preschool years on. 
C)  low in infancy and toddlerhood. 
D)  high from the preschool years on. 
A)  high in infancy. 
B)  low from the preschool years on. 
C)  low in infancy and toddlerhood. 
D)  high from the preschool years on.

Question 3

In Mary Rothbart's model of temperament,

Accepted Answer

A)  distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. 
B)  persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. 
C)  fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration. 
D)  the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions. 
A)  distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. 
B)  persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. 
C)  fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration. 
D)  the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions.

Question 4

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents. 
B)  adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6. 
C)  fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life. 
D)  adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood. 
A)  late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents. 
B)  adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6. 
C)  fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life. 
D)  adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.

Question 5

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. 
B)  boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. 
C)  girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. 
D)  boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid. 
A)  girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. 
B)  boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. 
C)  girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. 
D)  boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.

Question 6

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture. 
B)  in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement. 
C)  nonverbal expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture. 
D)  in Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over individual achievement. 
A)  the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture. 
B)  in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement. 
C)  nonverbal expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture. 
D)  in Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over individual achievement.

Question 7

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

Accepted Answer

A)  are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother. 
B)  display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts. 
C)  are passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety. 
D)  show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates. 
A)  are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother. 
B)  display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts. 
C)  are passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety. 
D)  show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.

Question 8

Dr. Kostelnik studies the early emergence of self-control by giving children a present and asking them to wait to open it until after she reads a story. Dr. Kostelnik is measuring

Accepted Answer

A)  delay of gratification. 
B)  the categorical self. 
C)  the internal working model. 
D)  self-world differentiation. 
A)  delay of gratification. 
B)  the categorical self. 
C)  the internal working model. 
D)  self-world differentiation.

Question 9

Research on the stability of attachment indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  insecurely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than secure babies. 
B)  attachment generally moves toward security in low-SES families with many daily stressors. 
C)  quality of attachment is most stable for low-SES babies experiencing unfavorable family conditions. 
D)  the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern is as stable as attachment security. 
A)  insecurely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than secure babies. 
B)  attachment generally moves toward security in low-SES families with many daily stressors. 
C)  quality of attachment is most stable for low-SES babies experiencing unfavorable family conditions. 
D)  the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern is as stable as attachment security.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the United States, the rate of insecurity is equal among child-care and non-child-care infants. 
B)  Infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems. 
C)  The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. 
D)  All investigations report that babies in child care differ in attachment quality from those cared for solely by parents. 
A)  In the United States, the rate of insecurity is equal among child-care and non-child-care infants. 
B)  Infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems. 
C)  The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. 
D)  All investigations report that babies in child care differ in attachment quality from those cared for solely by parents.

Question 11

In the early months, infants

Accepted Answer

A)  have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. 
B)  are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress. 
C)  are not very easily overwhelmed. 
D)  rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention. 
A)  have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. 
B)  are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress. 
C)  are not very easily overwhelmed. 
D)  rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.

Question 12

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its

Accepted Answer

A)  information regarding the channeling of biological drives. 
B)  ability to capture the essence of personality development during each period of development. 
C)  nearly exclusive focus on the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood. 
D)  emphasis on quantitative and experimental research. 
A)  information regarding the channeling of biological drives. 
B)  ability to capture the essence of personality development during each period of development. 
C)  nearly exclusive focus on the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood. 
D)  emphasis on quantitative and experimental research.

Question 13

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

Accepted Answer

A)  happiness and sadness 
B)  fullness and hunger 
C)  attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli 
D)  happiness and fear 
A)  happiness and sadness 
B)  fullness and hunger 
C)  attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli 
D)  happiness and fear

Question 14

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

Accepted Answer

A)  autonomy versus shame and doubt. 
B)  basic trust versus mistrust. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  industry versus inferiority. 
A)  autonomy versus shame and doubt. 
B)  basic trust versus mistrust. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  industry versus inferiority.

Question 15

Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  resistant attachment. 
B)  avoidant attachment. 
C)  secure attachment. 
D)  difficult temperament. 
A)  resistant attachment. 
B)  avoidant attachment. 
C)  secure attachment. 
D)  difficult temperament.

Question 16

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.

Accepted Answer

A)  dismiss the importance of their early relationships 
B)  discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance 
C)  report only positive childhood experiences 
D)  describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways 
A)  dismiss the importance of their early relationships 
B)  discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance 
C)  report only positive childhood experiences 
D)  describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways

Question 17

Discuss the involvement of fathers as it relates to attachment security. How do mothers and fathers differ in their caregiving?

Accepted Answer

Fathers' sensitive caregiving and intera

Question 18

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a ________ smile for a friendly stranger.

Accepted Answer

A)  brief, fleeting 
B)  broad, "cheek-raised" 
C)  reserved, muted 
D)  "mouth-open" 
A)  brief, fleeting 
B)  broad, "cheek-raised" 
C)  reserved, muted 
D)  "mouth-open"

Question 19

Which of the following is true about measuring temperament?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parental reports provide little information about the way parents view and respond to their babies. 
B)  Parental reports have a low correlation to researchers' observations of children's behavior. 
C)  Researchers can better control children's experiences in the home setting as opposed to the laboratory. 
D)  Most neurophysiological research focuses on the positive-affect and fearful-distress dimensions of temperament. 
A)  Parental reports provide little information about the way parents view and respond to their babies. 
B)  Parental reports have a low correlation to researchers' observations of children's behavior. 
C)  Researchers can better control children's experiences in the home setting as opposed to the laboratory. 
D)  Most neurophysiological research focuses on the positive-affect and fearful-distress dimensions of temperament.

Question 20

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Alice would be classified as

Accepted Answer

A)  slow-to-warm-up. 
B)  uninhibited. 
C)  difficult. 
D)  easy. 
A)  slow-to-warm-up. 
B)  uninhibited. 
C)  difficult. 
D)  easy.

When caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to and fathers devote more time to .

The overall stability of temperament is

In Mary Rothbart's model of temperament,

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

Dr. Kostelnik studies the early emergence of self-control by giving children a present and asking them to wait to open it until after she reads a story. Dr. Kostelnik is measuring

Research on the stability of attachment indicates that

Which of the following is true about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care?

In the early months, infants

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.

Discuss the involvement of fathers as it relates to attachment security. How do mothers and fathers differ in their caregiving?

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a ________ smile for a friendly stranger.

Which of the following is true about measuring temperament?

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Alice would be classified as

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Emerging Adulthood

Filters

Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

When caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to ________ and fathers devote more time to ________.

The overall stability of temperament is

In Mary Rothbart's model of temperament,

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

Dr. Kostelnik studies the early emergence of self-control by giving children a present and asking them to wait to open it until after she reads a story. Dr. Kostelnik is measuring

Research on the stability of attachment indicates that

Which of the following is true about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care?

In the early months, infants

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.

Discuss the involvement of fathers as it relates to attachment security. How do mothers and fathers differ in their caregiving?

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a ________ smile for a friendly stranger.

Which of the following is true about measuring temperament?

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Alice would be classified as

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Emerging Adulthood

Filters

When caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to and fathers devote more time to .