Exam 1: Continuities in Society and Economy

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How did the Dutch Republic come to dominate European trade in the seventeenth century?

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The Dutch Republic came to dominate European trade in the seventeenth century by tapping into existing trade networks, shipping more goods, and shipping a greater variety of goods. The Dutch became leaders in inter-European trade through their developments in shipping and the refinement of traditional practices. In particular, the new merchant ship (fluytschip) had more room for cargo and was easier to crew. This meant that the Dutch could ship more goods for less money on the North and Baltic Sea trade routes.

________ was the most valuable noble privilege.

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________ and ________ limited population growth in early modern Europe.

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The last major plague outbreak in Europe occurred in ________ in 1720-1.

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The ultimate goal of the ambitious middle class was ________.

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What were some of the challenges that individuals and governments faced during the growth of trade and commerce in the early modern period?

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There were same-sex relationships in early modern Europe, although our knowledge of them is limited. How did early modern Europeans understand and treat same-sex relationships?

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The final stage in a skilled worker's training was the production of a masterpiece, which demonstrated his proficiency in his trade.

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Discussing the impact of the armies on the countryside in the German countryside in 1634, Martin Mallinger said: "They [the soldiers] sallied out every day, several companies strong, to seek out and plunder all the nearby valleys in the Black Forest. They not only drove off all the livestock-cows, oxen, calves, geese, horses-many hundred head, but they took all the grains and oats as well, many hundred quarters, not just as food for themselves and their horses but also large quantities to sell in the city." Discuss Mallinger's quotation and how it reflects the concerns of peasants and their day-to-day survival.

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There were outbreaks of the plague over the course of the early modern period, but none came close to the scale of the fourteenth-century pandemic.

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The early modern social system was not static and there was a great deal of social mobility. However, over the course of the period we also see increased social stratification. How did this happen? And what were the consequences of this stratification?

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The number and intensity of the witch hunts declined after their peak in 1600 because people no longer believed in witches.

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How did early modern social system enshrine legal and social inequality?

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How did individuals from the urban middle classes move up in the social hierarchy?

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The three major patterns in the evolution of agriculture consisted of the elimination of serfdom and restrictions of medieval village-based systems, the transformation of peasants from subsistence farmers into agrarian wage labourers, and ________, the process by which landholdings and common lands were consolidated.

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How did people use revolts and popular uprisings to express their grievances?

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Early modern Europe did not rely heavily on slave labour because a large portion of the population opposed slavery.

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The three principal causes of death in early modern Europe were famine, disease, and war.

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The nobility and the urban middle classes shared many interests and a common outlook on life.

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How were Jews marginalized?

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