Exam 6: The Emergence of the Critical Cultural Trend in North America

Given their Neo-Marxist orientation, Frankfurt School scholars welcomed popular culture's challenge to elite control of the media.

Highly ambitious, macroscopic, speculative theories that attempt to understand and predict important trends in society are called ________.

Political economy theorists study elite control of economic institutions, and then show how this control affects many other social institutions, including the mass media.

News production researchers have discovered that journalists, by virtue of the nature of their profession, work to remove as much drama from their reporting as possible.

As mass communication theory embraced the critical cultural trend, researchers were willing to turn their attention from _____ to focus on how media are related to changes in culture, on how shared understandings and social norms change.

Stuart Hall sees media as ___________ where various forces struggle to shape popular notions about social reality.

With the coming of mass media, many forms of folk culture fell into sharp decline.

Harold Innis argued that as communication media become more powerful and able to more effectively span time and space _____.

The recovery and reappraisal approach to feminist critical scholarship asks, among other things, "How have women managed to express themselves in a male-dominated culture?"

Cultural analysis researchers and critical, cultural studies scholars tend to favor

Critical scholar Sut Jhally argues that the use-value of a cultural commodity stems from the meaning it generates.

McLuhan said that media were "extensions of man" because they literally extend ___________.

The critical cultural studies perspective argues that social elites work to maintain the status quo by

Political economy theory places priority on understanding how economic power provides a basis for ideological and political power.

Popular culture researchers believe that audience interpretations of content are likely to be quite diverse as some people make interpretations at one level of meaning, whereas others make their interpretations at other levels. This is referred to as multiple points of access.

Horace Newcomb argues that ________.

The view of the media that sees them as central to the construction and maintenance of the culture, something of a forum where we negotiate our shared meanings, is the ____________ Perspective.

Some cultural studies and political economy theories are critical theories because their axiology openly espouses specific values and uses them to evaluate and criticize the status quo.

Culture imposed from above or outside that serves the interests of those in power is called _________ culture.

Marshall McLuhan used the expression "the medium is the message" to refer to the new forms of social organization that would inevitably emerge electronic media tied the entire world into one great social, political, and cultural system.