Exam 9: Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness

When the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is disrupted, physiological systems are __________________.

________ are responses, such as the timing of our sleep and wake cycles, with distinct daily rhythms.

Daily sleep and activity cycles in humans are regulated by internal mechanisms when the environmental triggers such as light are removed.

Sleep signs can be observed using a physiological recording technique known as __________.

According to the ___________, an important function of sleep is to reduce weaker synapses to provide more energy and resources for the stronger synapses.

Humans secrete growth hormone, important for the maintenance of physiological functions throughout life, during ________ sleep.

The most active waves are the _______ (13-30 Hz), which are fast, irregular, low-intensity waves; they typically occur in brains that are awake and active.

Research has shown that melatonin is ineffective for treating jet lag.

Non-REM sleep is composed of three distinct stages.

Peaking levels of melatonin at night may make accidents more likely for night workers.

This theory of sleep suggests its function is to provide rest and recovery.

What are the different stages of wakefulness transitioning to sleep and what cortical activity is characteristic of each stage?

Noradrenaline inputs from the ________________ promote wakefulness by activating neurons projecting from the thalamus to the cortex.

The stress hormone cortisol in humans peaks at around ______, whereas the hormone corticosterone in rats peaks at around ________.

A behavioral response seen across species that may indicate shifts in arousal is __________.

Wakefulness, even in the absence of sensory stimulation, can be triggered by the ______________.

___________ appears to be a chemical trigger signaling increased blood flow in distal areas of the body, promoting heat loss and the onset of sleep.

Adenosine is a byproduct of ___________ metabolism.

Patients in _____________ show no signs of wakefulness or awareness

During slow-wave sleep (SWS), neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of the decreased activation from the ___________.