Question 1

___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.

Accepted Answer

A)  Galanin 
B)  Glutamine 
C)  Orexin 
D)  Histamine 
A)  Galanin 
B)  Glutamine 
C)  Orexin 
D)  Histamine

Question 2

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) has been shown to consistently facilitate the consolidation of memories that are associated with ________ activity.

Accepted Answer

A)  striatal 
B)  cerebellar 
C)  hippocampal-independent circuit 
D)  hippocampal 
A)  striatal 
B)  cerebellar 
C)  hippocampal-independent circuit 
D)  hippocampal

Question 3

Individuals in _____________appear to be awake yet exhibit no awareness of external stimuli, such as a hand waving in front of their face

Accepted Answer

A)  comas 
B)  trance states 
C)  minimally conscious states 
D)  vegetative states 
A)  comas 
B)  trance states 
C)  minimally conscious states 
D)  vegetative states

Question 4

During this stage of sleep, the brain is no longer responding to environmental sensory cues, and neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of decreased activation from the activating brainstem areas.

Accepted Answer

A)  Stage 1. 
B)  REM. 
C)  Slow-wave sleep. 
D)  Stage 5. 
A)  Stage 1. 
B)  REM. 
C)  Slow-wave sleep. 
D)  Stage 5.

Question 5

Patients diagnosed with _____________ have a fully functioning brain that is essentially trapped in a body that cannot move or communicate in traditional ways.

Accepted Answer

A)  locked-in syndrome 
B)  a trance 
C)  a minimally conscious state 
D)  a vegetative state 
A)  locked-in syndrome 
B)  a trance 
C)  a minimally conscious state 
D)  a vegetative state

Question 6

What might be a mechanism underlying individuals who have narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased hypocretin/orexin receptor binding. 
B)  Decreased GABA receptor binding. 
C)  Increased adenosine receptor binding. 
D)  Diminished hypocretin/orexin receptor binding. 
A)  Increased hypocretin/orexin receptor binding. 
B)  Decreased GABA receptor binding. 
C)  Increased adenosine receptor binding. 
D)  Diminished hypocretin/orexin receptor binding.

Question 7

The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.

Accepted Answer

A)  cholinergic pons/midbrain areas 
B)  mesolimbic dopamine pathways 
C)  midbrain serotonergic projections 
D)  brainstem GABAergic systems 
A)  cholinergic pons/midbrain areas 
B)  mesolimbic dopamine pathways 
C)  midbrain serotonergic projections 
D)  brainstem GABAergic systems

Question 8

An ______________ assesses eye movements.

Accepted Answer

A)  EKG 
B)  EEG 
C)  EOG 
D)  EMG 
A)  EKG 
B)  EEG 
C)  EOG 
D)  EMG

Question 9

The ___________, a cluster of serotonin-secreting neurons in the brainstem, play a role in sleep regulation.

Accepted Answer

A)  pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei 
B)  raphe nuclei 
C)  basal forebrain 
D)  laterodorsal tegmental nuclei 
A)  pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei 
B)  raphe nuclei 
C)  basal forebrain 
D)  laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

Question 10

What seem to be the functions of slow wave sleep?

Accepted Answer

Deepest levels of sleep, secre

Question 11

When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  first sleep is more SWS and second sleep is more REM 
B)  both segments are evenly divided between SWS and REM 
C)  first sleep is more stage 1 and 2 and second sleep is more SWS and REM 
D)  first sleep is more REM and second sleep is more SWS 
A)  first sleep is more SWS and second sleep is more REM 
B)  both segments are evenly divided between SWS and REM 
C)  first sleep is more stage 1 and 2 and second sleep is more SWS and REM 
D)  first sleep is more REM and second sleep is more SWS

Question 12

Two cytokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, appear to decrease slow wave sleep (SWS) in several species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The desynchronization of circadian rhythms resulting in difficulty going to sleep, early wakening, changes in appetite, changes in gastrointestinal functions, and daytime tiredness is termed _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  insomnia 
B)  jet lag 
C)  narcolepsy 
D)  cataplexy 
A)  insomnia 
B)  jet lag 
C)  narcolepsy 
D)  cataplexy

Question 14

The ________ receives stimulation from light via tracts extending from the retina.

Accepted Answer

A)  retinohypothalamic tracts 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 
C)  orbitofrontal cortex 
D)  the amygdala 
A)  retinohypothalamic tracts 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 
C)  orbitofrontal cortex 
D)  the amygdala

Question 15

External awareness is associated with increased activity the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active 
B)  more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains 
C)  low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep 
D)  are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS) 
A)  fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active 
B)  more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains 
C)  low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep 
D)  are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 17

Beta (β) waves (13-30 Hertz), are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active 
B)  more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains 
C)  low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep 
D)  are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS) 
A)  fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active 
B)  more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains 
C)  low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep 
D)  are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 18

___________ exhibit slow waves in only one hemisphere at a time while they are sleeping.

Accepted Answer

A)  Large land mammals 
B)  Fish 
C)  Marine mammals 
D)  Echindas 
A)  Large land mammals 
B)  Fish 
C)  Marine mammals 
D)  Echindas

Question 19

Although light is the strongest external zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms, the hormone ________, secreted by the pineal gland, acts as an internal zeitgeber.

Accepted Answer

A)  Vitamin D. 
B)  Corticosterone. 
C)  Melatonin. 
D)  Gingko biloba. 
A)  Vitamin D. 
B)  Corticosterone. 
C)  Melatonin. 
D)  Gingko biloba.

Question 20

When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sleep rebound effect 
B)  sleep debt repayment 
C)  sleep inefficiency tune-up 
D)  sleep reset effect 
A)  sleep rebound effect 
B)  sleep debt repayment 
C)  sleep inefficiency tune-up 
D)  sleep reset effect

___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) has been shown to consistently facilitate the consolidation of memories that are associated with ________ activity.

Individuals in _____________appear to be awake yet exhibit no awareness of external stimuli, such as a hand waving in front of their face

During this stage of sleep, the brain is no longer responding to environmental sensory cues, and neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of decreased activation from the activating brainstem areas.

Patients diagnosed with _____________ have a fully functioning brain that is essentially trapped in a body that cannot move or communicate in traditional ways.

What might be a mechanism underlying individuals who have narcolepsy?

The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.

An ______________ assesses eye movements.

The ___________, a cluster of serotonin-secreting neurons in the brainstem, play a role in sleep regulation.

What seem to be the functions of slow wave sleep?

When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.

Two cytokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, appear to decrease slow wave sleep (SWS) in several species.

The desynchronization of circadian rhythms resulting in difficulty going to sleep, early wakening, changes in appetite, changes in gastrointestinal functions, and daytime tiredness is termed _______.

The ________ receives stimulation from light via tracts extending from the retina.

External awareness is associated with increased activity the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal cortex.

Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.

Beta (β) waves (13-30 Hertz), are ________.

___________ exhibit slow waves in only one hemisphere at a time while they are sleeping.

Although light is the strongest external zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms, the hormone ________, secreted by the pineal gland, acts as an internal zeitgeber.

When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________.

Introduction to Biological Psychology

The Nervous System: Structure and Function

Cells and Circuits

Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction

Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function

Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation

Movement

Maintenance and Motivation

Emotional Expression and Regulation

Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies

Learning, Memory, and Decision Making

Mental Illness

Filters

Exam 9: Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness

___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) has been shown to consistently facilitate the consolidation of memories that are associated with ________ activity.

Individuals in _____________appear to be awake yet exhibit no awareness of external stimuli, such as a hand waving in front of their face

During this stage of sleep, the brain is no longer responding to environmental sensory cues, and neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of decreased activation from the activating brainstem areas.

Patients diagnosed with _____________ have a fully functioning brain that is essentially trapped in a body that cannot move or communicate in traditional ways.

What might be a mechanism underlying individuals who have narcolepsy?

The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.

An ______________ assesses eye movements.

The ___________, a cluster of serotonin-secreting neurons in the brainstem, play a role in sleep regulation.

What seem to be the functions of slow wave sleep?

When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.

Two cytokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, appear to decrease slow wave sleep (SWS) in several species.

The desynchronization of circadian rhythms resulting in difficulty going to sleep, early wakening, changes in appetite, changes in gastrointestinal functions, and daytime tiredness is termed _______.

The ________ receives stimulation from light via tracts extending from the retina.

External awareness is associated with increased activity the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal cortex.

Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.

Beta (β) waves (13-30 Hertz), are ________.

___________ exhibit slow waves in only one hemisphere at a time while they are sleeping.

Although light is the strongest external zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms, the hormone ________, secreted by the pineal gland, acts as an internal zeitgeber.

When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________.

Introduction to Biological Psychology

The Nervous System: Structure and Function

Cells and Circuits

Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction

Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function

Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation

Movement

Maintenance and Motivation

Emotional Expression and Regulation

Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies

Learning, Memory, and Decision Making

Mental Illness

Filters