Question 1

A nondeductive argument is

Accepted Answer

A)  Always an example of bad reasoning. 
B)  Not necessarily an example of bad reasoning. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Always an example of good reasoning. 
A)  Always an example of bad reasoning. 
B)  Not necessarily an example of bad reasoning. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Always an example of good reasoning.

Question 2

Our strength of belief should

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease with the number of positive instances of a claim. 
B)  Decrease with the variety of positive instances of a claim. 
C)  Increase with the number of positive instances of a claim. 
D)  Depend on our inner certitude of a claim's truth. 
A)  Decrease with the number of positive instances of a claim. 
B)  Decrease with the variety of positive instances of a claim. 
C)  Increase with the number of positive instances of a claim. 
D)  Depend on our inner certitude of a claim's truth.

Question 3

If the test implications of a hypothesis are shown to be true, then the hypothesis is conclusively confirmed.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The hypothesis of infected cadaveric material explained

Accepted Answer

A)  The lower mortality among street births. 
B)  Why the women attended by midwives did not get childbed fever. 
C)  Both 
D)  Why the medical students refused to wash their hands in a solution of chlorinated lime. 
A)  The lower mortality among street births. 
B)  Why the women attended by midwives did not get childbed fever. 
C)  Both 
D)  Why the medical students refused to wash their hands in a solution of chlorinated lime.

Question 5

Everyone is familiar with the scene in which a lawyer objects that the other side is "leading the witness" in a courtroom examination. What fallacy is being committed? Why is it pernicious in this context? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The fallacy being committed in this scen

Question 6

Defenders of science argue that the Scientific Revolution helped to undermine oppressive social orders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Experiments require laboratory settings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Explain the image of the "disenchanted" world. What has led many scientists and philosophers to describe the world this way?

Accepted Answer

The image of the "disenchanted" world re

Question 9

A fallacy is

Accepted Answer

A)  A tempting logical mistake in reasoning. 
B)  The use of ambiguous terms. 
C)  An invalid argument. 
D)  A mistaken belief. 
A)  A tempting logical mistake in reasoning. 
B)  The use of ambiguous terms. 
C)  An invalid argument. 
D)  A mistaken belief.

Question 10

Being at least eighteen is a necessary condition for voting in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

According to Barker and Kitcher, the new sciences of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries revealed a world that was

Accepted Answer

A)  Beyond human comprehension. 
B)  The center of the universe. 
C)  Vast and impersonal. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Beyond human comprehension. 
B)  The center of the universe. 
C)  Vast and impersonal. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 12

When a test has a favorable outcome that means that

Accepted Answer

A)  The proposed hypothesis is true. 
B)  The proposed hypothesis has been proven. 
C)  There is support for the hypothesis. 
D)  Both a and b 
A)  The proposed hypothesis is true. 
B)  The proposed hypothesis has been proven. 
C)  There is support for the hypothesis. 
D)  Both a and b

Question 13

Explain the difference between direct observation of a cause and indirect observation of its expected effects using examples from the reading.

Accepted Answer

Direct observation of a cause involves w

Question 14

The successful test of a hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  Counts against of the hypothesis. 
B)  Counts in favor of the hypothesis. 
C)  Does not affect the confirmation of the hypothesis. 
D)  Means the hypothesis is true. 
A)  Counts against of the hypothesis. 
B)  Counts in favor of the hypothesis. 
C)  Does not affect the confirmation of the hypothesis. 
D)  Means the hypothesis is true.

Question 15

A modus tollens argument

Accepted Answer

A)  Is a deductively valid argument form. 
B)  Is one way of establishing a true hypothesis. 
C)  Is one way of reasoning to a false hypothesis. 
D)  Both a and c 
A)  Is a deductively valid argument form. 
B)  Is one way of establishing a true hypothesis. 
C)  Is one way of reasoning to a false hypothesis. 
D)  Both a and c

Question 16

Semmelweis's story illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  The scientific method. 
B)  Affirming the consequent. 
C)  Good medical care. 
D)  Formal logic. 
A)  The scientific method. 
B)  Affirming the consequent. 
C)  Good medical care. 
D)  Formal logic.

Question 17

Provide an example of an ambiguous word and give its multiple meanings. Then provide an example of where this word gives rise to a verbal dispute. Explain how a definition might resolve the dispute.

Accepted Answer

An example of an ambiguous word is "bat.

Question 18

Fallacious reasoning is often very convincing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The scientific method uses logical reasoning to establish empirical propositions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The first clue as to the cause of childbed fever came when

Accepted Answer

A)  A priest bearing the last sacrament came to a woman's deathbed. 
B)  Women were delivered lying on their backs. 
C)  A colleague received a puncture wound during an autopsy. 
D)  The medical washed their hands in a solution of chlorinated lime. 
A)  A priest bearing the last sacrament came to a woman's deathbed. 
B)  Women were delivered lying on their backs. 
C)  A colleague received a puncture wound during an autopsy. 
D)  The medical washed their hands in a solution of chlorinated lime.

A nondeductive argument is

Our strength of belief should

If the test implications of a hypothesis are shown to be true, then the hypothesis is conclusively confirmed.

The hypothesis of infected cadaveric material explained

Everyone is familiar with the scene in which a lawyer objects that the other side is "leading the witness" in a courtroom examination. What fallacy is being committed? Why is it pernicious in this context? Explain.

Defenders of science argue that the Scientific Revolution helped to undermine oppressive social orders.

Experiments require laboratory settings.

Explain the image of the "disenchanted" world. What has led many scientists and philosophers to describe the world this way?

A fallacy is

Being at least eighteen is a necessary condition for voting in the United States.

According to Barker and Kitcher, the new sciences of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries revealed a world that was

When a test has a favorable outcome that means that

Explain the difference between direct observation of a cause and indirect observation of its expected effects using examples from the reading.

The successful test of a hypothesis

A modus tollens argument

Semmelweis's story illustrates

Provide an example of an ambiguous word and give its multiple meanings. Then provide an example of where this word gives rise to a verbal dispute. Explain how a definition might resolve the dispute.

Fallacious reasoning is often very convincing.

The scientific method uses logical reasoning to establish empirical propositions.

The first clue as to the cause of childbed fever came when

What Is Philosophy

Knowing Vs Thinking

Mind

Free Will

Identity

God

Moral Theory

Moral Problems

Society

Social Justice

Art

The Meaning of Life

Asian Outlooks

Filters

Exam 2: The Elements of Argument

A nondeductive argument is

Our strength of belief should

If the test implications of a hypothesis are shown to be true, then the hypothesis is conclusively confirmed.

The hypothesis of infected cadaveric material explained

Everyone is familiar with the scene in which a lawyer objects that the other side is "leading the witness" in a courtroom examination. What fallacy is being committed? Why is it pernicious in this context? Explain.

Defenders of science argue that the Scientific Revolution helped to undermine oppressive social orders.

Experiments require laboratory settings.

Explain the image of the "disenchanted" world. What has led many scientists and philosophers to describe the world this way?

A fallacy is

Being at least eighteen is a necessary condition for voting in the United States.

According to Barker and Kitcher, the new sciences of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries revealed a world that was

When a test has a favorable outcome that means that

Explain the difference between direct observation of a cause and indirect observation of its expected effects using examples from the reading.

The successful test of a hypothesis

A modus tollens argument

Semmelweis's story illustrates

Provide an example of an ambiguous word and give its multiple meanings. Then provide an example of where this word gives rise to a verbal dispute. Explain how a definition might resolve the dispute.

Fallacious reasoning is often very convincing.

The scientific method uses logical reasoning to establish empirical propositions.

The first clue as to the cause of childbed fever came when

What Is Philosophy

Knowing Vs Thinking

Mind

Free Will

Identity

God

Moral Theory

Moral Problems

Society

Social Justice

Art

The Meaning of Life

Asian Outlooks

Filters