Exam 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization and Society

The four elements of Hirschi's social bond theory are attachment, commitment, ______, and belief.

Today, more than ________________ percent of children live in single-parent homes.

According to differential reinforcement theory, what determines whether deviant or criminal behavior persists?

Despite their good intentions, stigma-reducing programs have not met with great success.

Children born into high-risk families, such as those with single teen mothers, can avoid delinquency if their friends refrain from drug use and criminality.

Behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others; this is called differential reinforcement or:

According to neutralization theory, juvenile delinquents _________ between delinquent behaviors and conforming behaviors.

Social learning theories assume that people are born either "bad" or "good," and that their degree of criminality can be unlearned with proper socialization.

Kids whose parents go to prison are much more likely to be at risk for delinquency than children of nonincarcerated parents

The fear of punishment is diminished among kids who hang with delinquent friends.

More than 40 years ago, in a now-classic study, Hirschi and Stark found that, contrary to expectations, the association between religious attendance and belief and delinquent behavior patterns is negligible and insignificant.

Novice criminals often argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger society. This is known as:

Hirschi offers that the social bond a person maintains with society is comprised of four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Neutralization theory holds that offenders master techniques that enable them to neutralize conventional values. Identify and discuss these techniques of neutralization.

Techniques of neutralization argue that delinquents are constantly and consistently engaged in delinquent behavior and rarely ever engage in conforming behavior.

When friends or parents demonstrate their disapproval of crime, what can occur?

Discuss how social learning theory explains the link between peers and delinquency.

The theory of _______ presupposes a condition that allows people to explain away unconventional norms and values by using such statements as "I didn't mean to do it" and "I didn't really hurt anybody."

One study found that kids involved in delinquency are _____ times more likely than nonoffenders to associate with delinquent peers.

When parents, friends, teachers, and law enforcement officials amplify negative labels via stigmatization, a person may begin to reevaluate his or her identity. This process is referred to as the _________.