Exam 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization and Society

A criticism of learning theories is that they fail to adequately explain:

When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:

Empirical evidence supports the view that labeling plays a significant role in persistent offending.

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime "had it coming." This is known as:

When an offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is known as denial of injury.

Social learning theory assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.

According to ______ theory, everyone has the potential to become a criminal.

Which view states that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior?

Approximately _____ percent of youths with criminal fathers become chronic offenders.

In every level of the social structure, youths who fall in with a "bad crowd" become more susceptible to:

Youths who have strong self-concepts, feel good about themselves, and maintain a positive attitude, are able to resist the temptations of the street.

The age of children when they first encounter definitions of criminality impacts the _____ of an association.

Thirty million American kids live below the poverty line.

According to social bond theory, a person's sensitivity to and interest in others is termed _________. Without this element of social bond, psychologists believe a person becomes a psychopath and loses the ability to relate coherently to the world.

Which social bond refers to how much a person has invested in conventional society, or how much he or she has to lose?

_____________________ are designed to remove both juvenile and adult offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process by placing them in programs designed for rehabilitation.

Which of the following occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten?

Bullies have children who bully others, and these "second-generation bullies" grow up to become fathers of children who also become bullies.

Hirschi and Stark found that the association between religious attendance and belief and delinquent behavior patterns is:

The association between crime and divorce may be due to __________________ factors.