Exam 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization and Society

Numerous research efforts have supported the core principles of differential association. The research generally show a correlation between having deviant parents and friends, holding deviant attitudes, and:

__________________ occurs when an individual learns from the rewards and punishments associated with a behavior.

Research conducted in both the United States and abroad shows that children raised in homes with one or both parents absent may be prone to antisocial behavior.

Social process theories have had a major influence on policymaking since the 1950s.

Numerous studies show that there is no significant association between child maltreatment and delinquency, even when taking into account gender, race, and class.

In his ______, Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.

The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned is called:

__________________ are the morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned.

When parents or friends express their disapproval of crime, a(n) _________ attitude toward criminality occurs.

Almost half of all female dropouts left school because they were pregnant or had already given birth.

Discuss Lemert's concept of primary and secondary deviance. Why does secondary deviance transform one's identity whereas primary deviance does not?

In a test of social bond theory, Hirschi found that youths who were strongly attached to their parents were ____ likely to commit criminal acts.

_______ theory suggests that everyone has the potential to become a criminal.

Labeling theories argue that intervention by the criminal justice system serves as a highly successful deterrent at preventing subsequent delinquent acts.

Negative labels, such as being called a troublemaker, stigmatize the recipients of these labels and reduce their self-image. Those who accept or internalize these labels are more prone to engage in delinquent behaviors than those who do not.

Explain Akers' differential reinforcement theory and discuss how it is associated with, or employs, concepts from Sutherland's differential association.

According to Akers and Burgess, _________________ occurs when deviant and conventional behaviors are learned and reinforced by interactions with others.

______________________ is the study of human interactions and relationships, emphasizing such issues as group dynamics and socialization.

Some individuals have self-control, manifested through a strong moral sense, which renders them incapable of hurting others and violating social norms.

Parental labeling of children is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the labeling.