Exam 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization and Society

By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior. This is known as:

__________________ involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and that can be quickly forgotten.

According to differential association theory, everyone has both favorable and unfavorable ______ regarding crime.

Theorists who believe that an individual's socialization determines the likelihood of criminality adopt the ______ approach to human behavior.

Youths who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and in which there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to the crime-promoting forces in the environment.

One way in which schools perpetuate stigmatization is through ________, which identifies some students as college-bound and others as academic underachievers or potential dropouts.

The process of human development and enculturation is known as:

According to Matza, __________ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior to another. This helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.

When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were not their fault, it is known as denial of responsibility.

Identify and explain the elements of social bond theory. What are some of the criticisms of this theory?

Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is not a disease or pathological behavior.

Criminologists have long studied the critical elements of socialization to determine how they contribute to a burgeoning criminal career. Prominent among these elements are the family, the peer group, and ______________.

Males are more likely to socialize with deviant peers than are females, and they are more likely to be deeply influenced by these deviant peers. This finding explains how __________________ may explain the gender difference in the crime rate.

Troubled kids choose delinquent peers out of necessity rather than desire.

Describe the relationship between socialization and crime. What prominent elements of socialization contribute to a criminal career?

Labeling theorists use a(n) ______ definition of crime.

Which social bond refers to how much an individual cares about what others think of them?

Travis Hirschi and Rodney Stark found that the association between religious attendance and belief and _______ patterns is insignificant ________.

Sutherland's research on _______________, professional theft, and intelligence led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inadequacy of people in the lower classes.

Which of the following is the study of human interactions and relationships that emphasizes such issues as group dynamics and socialization?