Question 1

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  swimming with its setae 
C)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
D)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella 
A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  swimming with its setae 
C)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
D)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella

Question 2

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inject calcium into the muscle cell, because it is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  Induce tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C)  Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D)  Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells. 
A)  Inject calcium into the muscle cell, because it is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  Induce tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C)  Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D)  Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells.

Question 3

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells?
I.cilia
II.mitochondria
III.nuclei
IV.intercalated disks

Accepted Answer

A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  III and IV 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  III and IV 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 4

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits 
B)  moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula 
C)  rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information received by cochlear hair cells 
D)  the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane 
A)  the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits 
B)  moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula 
C)  rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information received by cochlear hair cells 
D)  the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane

Question 5

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels 
B)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels 
C)  depolarize due to the opening of potassium channels 
D)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of potassium channels 
A)  depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels 
B)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels 
C)  depolarize due to the opening of potassium channels 
D)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of potassium channels

Question 6

Use the following information to answer the question.
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their primary food sources.? . . . conotoxins from Australian species of Conus . . . have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors that are located ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  along the motor neuron axon 
B)  on motor neuron dendrites 
C)  on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction 
D)  on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell 
A)  along the motor neuron axon 
B)  on motor neuron dendrites 
C)  on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction 
D)  on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell

Question 7

A physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. What type of receptor might be responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanoreceptors 
B)  electromagnetic receptors 
C)  photoreceptors 
D)  chemoreceptors 
A)  mechanoreceptors 
B)  electromagnetic receptors 
C)  photoreceptors 
D)  chemoreceptors

Question 8

In the odorant cells of mammals, specific odorants are detected by binding to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  G protein-coupled receptors. 
B)  ligand-gated ion channels 
C)  acetylcholine receptors 
D)  glutamate receptors 
A)  G protein-coupled receptors. 
B)  ligand-gated ion channels 
C)  acetylcholine receptors 
D)  glutamate receptors

Question 9

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory adaptation 
B)  accommodation 
C)  reduced motor unit recruitment 
D)  reduced receptor amplification 
A)  sensory adaptation 
B)  accommodation 
C)  reduced motor unit recruitment 
D)  reduced receptor amplification

Question 10

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors 
B)  the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received 
C)  tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids 
D)  distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is an innate process 
A)  neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors 
B)  the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received 
C)  tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids 
D)  distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is an innate process

Question 11

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth?

Accepted Answer

A)  thermoreceptors 
B)  mechanoreceptors 
C)  chemoreceptors 
D)  electroreceptors 
A)  thermoreceptors 
B)  mechanoreceptors 
C)  chemoreceptors 
D)  electroreceptors

Question 12

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel 
B)  light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane 
C)  the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage 
D)  the membrane is distorted mechanically 
A)  a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel 
B)  light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane 
C)  the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage 
D)  the membrane is distorted mechanically

Question 13

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  immediately relax 
B)  enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate 
C)  fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor" 
D)  sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
A)  immediately relax 
B)  enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate 
C)  fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor" 
D)  sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

Corneal surgery is now routinely performed to change the shape of the cornea and improve vision. This surgery is beneficial because it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  improves the circulation of nutrients to the eye 
B)  improves the focusing of light onto the retina 
C)  decreases the amount of light entering the eye 
D)  increases the sensitivity of the photoreceptors 
A)  improves the circulation of nutrients to the eye 
B)  improves the focusing of light onto the retina 
C)  decreases the amount of light entering the eye 
D)  increases the sensitivity of the photoreceptors

Question 15

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness)can be caused by damage to the ________.
I.axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain
II.hair cells (the sensory receptors)in the cochlea
III.tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Accepted Answer

A)  only II 
B)  only III 
C)  only I and II 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only II 
B)  only III 
C)  only I and II 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 16

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  running by a 50-gram rodent 
B)  running by a 40-kilogram ungulate 
C)  flying by a 100-gram bird 
D)  swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish) 
A)  running by a 50-gram rodent 
B)  running by a 40-kilogram ungulate 
C)  flying by a 100-gram bird 
D)  swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish)

Question 17

Compared to viewing a distant object, a human viewing an object held within five centimeters of the eye requires a lens that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  has been flattened, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles 
B)  has been made more spherical, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles 
C)  has been flattened, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles 
D)  has been made more spherical, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles 
A)  has been flattened, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles 
B)  has been made more spherical, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles 
C)  has been flattened, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles 
D)  has been made more spherical, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles

Question 18

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

Accepted Answer

A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 19

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

Accepted Answer

A)  hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B)  snake pit organ-thermoreceptor 
C)  taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D)  olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor 
A)  hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B)  snake pit organ-thermoreceptor 
C)  taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D)  olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor

Question 20

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  chemosensory structures 
B)  tactile structures 
C)  olfactory structures 
D)  gustatory structures 
A)  chemosensory structures 
B)  tactile structures 
C)  olfactory structures 
D)  gustatory structures

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells? I.cilia II.mitochondria III.nuclei IV.intercalated disks

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when ________.

Rods exposed to light will ________.

A physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. What type of receptor might be responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

In the odorant cells of mammals, specific odorants are detected by binding to ________.

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ________.

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth?

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will ________.

Corneal surgery is now routinely performed to change the shape of the cornea and improve vision. This surgery is beneficial because it ________.

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness)can be caused by damage to the ________. I.axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain II.hair cells (the sensory receptors)in the cochlea III.tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Compared to viewing a distant object, a human viewing an object held within five centimeters of the eye requires a lens that ________.

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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