Question 1

People experiencing chronic stress may be more likely to become sick because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  too much thyroid hormone is being produced 
B)  elevated epinephrine concentrations deplete all of the available glucose in the body 
C)  high circulating glucocorticoid can suppress the immune response 
D)  their blood glucose is not being regulated appropriately 
A)  too much thyroid hormone is being produced 
B)  elevated epinephrine concentrations deplete all of the available glucose in the body 
C)  high circulating glucocorticoid can suppress the immune response 
D)  their blood glucose is not being regulated appropriately

Question 2

You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts. 
B)  The gland's product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane. 
C)  The gland's product is lipid soluble. 
D)  The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood. 
A)  It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts. 
B)  The gland's product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane. 
C)  The gland's product is lipid soluble. 
D)  The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.

Question 3

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system. 
B)  Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. 
C)  Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. 
D)  Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. 
A)  Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system. 
B)  Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. 
C)  Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. 
D)  Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.

Question 4

Which of the following are similar in structure to cholesterol?
I.estradiol
II.insulin
III.glucocorticoids
IV.testosterone
V.antidiuretic hormone

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I, III, and IV 
D)  II and V 
A)  I and II 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I, III, and IV 
D)  II and V

Question 5

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  estradiol 
B)  cortisol 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
A)  estradiol 
B)  cortisol 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 6

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance 
A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance

Question 7

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses 
A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses

Question 8

Aspirin and ibuprofen both ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins 
B)  inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator 
C)  activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots 
D)  stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys 
A)  inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins 
B)  inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator 
C)  activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots 
D)  stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys

Question 9

Use the figure to answer the following question.
$$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | } 
\hline & \text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Daily injections of } \
\text { progesterone (milligrams) }
\end{array} & 0.25 & 20 \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Percentage of rats that } \
\text { carried fetus to birth }
\end{array} & 0 & 100 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation, and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilized 
A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilized

Question 10

Growth factors are local regulators that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth 
B)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division 
C)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells 
D)  convey messages between nerve cells 
A)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth 
B)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division 
C)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells 
D)  convey messages between nerve cells

Question 11

The body's reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin 
A)  thyroxine 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin

Question 12

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration 
A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

Question 13

The hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. 
B)  influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland. 
C)  produces only inhibitory hormones. 
D)  regulates both reproduction and body temperature. 
A)  synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. 
B)  influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland. 
C)  produces only inhibitory hormones. 
D)  regulates both reproduction and body temperature.

Question 14

A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

A)  autocrine 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  neuroendocrine 
A)  autocrine 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  neuroendocrine

Question 15

Use the bar graph to answer the following question.
 
People who suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)experience ongoing, debilitating fatigue. In one study, cortisol levels in the saliva during the first hour after waking were measured and compared between CFS patients and people without CFS (controls). The data is summarized in the graph. What can you infer from the data?

Accepted Answer

A)  A disruption to thyroid hormone production likely results in decreased cortisol in the saliva. 
B)  Cortisol is lower in CFS patients because they were just woken up. 
C)  The normal elevation in adrenocorticotropic hormone level in waking people is reduced in CFS patients. 
D)  CFS patients are generally more relaxed as demonstrated by their decreased stress response. 
A)  A disruption to thyroid hormone production likely results in decreased cortisol in the saliva. 
B)  Cortisol is lower in CFS patients because they were just woken up. 
C)  The normal elevation in adrenocorticotropic hormone level in waking people is reduced in CFS patients. 
D)  CFS patients are generally more relaxed as demonstrated by their decreased stress response.

Question 16

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  greater production of T₃ than of T₄ 
B)  hyposecretion of TSH 
C)  hypersecretion of MSH 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin 
A)  greater production of T₃ than of T₄ 
B)  hyposecretion of TSH 
C)  hypersecretion of MSH 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin

Question 17

During a stressful interval, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  increased acid in the duodenum stimulates the S cells to release secretin 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine 
A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  increased acid in the duodenum stimulates the S cells to release secretin 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone 
A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone

Question 19

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  gastrin 
D)  glucose 
A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  gastrin 
D)  glucose

Question 20

Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)synthesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in glucocorticoid production 
B)  increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
C)  decrease in cortisol release 
D)  decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
A)  increase in glucocorticoid production 
B)  increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
C)  decrease in cortisol release 
D)  decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Exam 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

People experiencing chronic stress may be more likely to become sick because ________.

You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

Which of the following are similar in structure to cholesterol? I.estradiol II.insulin III.glucocorticoids IV.testosterone V.antidiuretic hormone

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is ________.

Aspirin and ibuprofen both ________.

Growth factors are local regulators that ________.

The body's reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ________.

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

The hypothalamus

A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

During a stressful interval, ________.

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________.

Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)synthesis.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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