Question 1

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a beaver 
A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a beaver

Question 2

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

Question 3

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the concentration gradient; ADP 
B)  the concentration gradient; ATP 
C)  transmembrane pumps; electron transport 
D)  phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP 
A)  the concentration gradient; ADP 
B)  the concentration gradient; ATP 
C)  transmembrane pumps; electron transport 
D)  phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

Question 4

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine. 
A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine.

Question 5

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
B)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
B)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 6

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
In which of the labeled structures does passive water reabsorption take place?

Accepted Answer

A)  only in B 
B)  only in B and D 
C)  in B, C, and E 
D)  Passive water reabsorption occurs throughout all of the nephron. 
A)  only in B 
B)  only in B and D 
C)  in B, C, and E 
D)  Passive water reabsorption occurs throughout all of the nephron.

Question 7

Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla?
I.active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb
II.the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons
III.diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
IV.diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV 
A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV

Question 8

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
B)  maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids 
C)  regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons 
D)  reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance 
A)  achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
B)  maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids 
C)  regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons 
D)  reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

Question 9

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

Question 10

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells 
A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells

Question 11

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the atrial natriuretic peptide system can be triggered by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sleeping for one hour 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day 
C)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
D)  drinking several glasses of water 
A)  sleeping for one hour 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day 
C)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
D)  drinking several glasses of water

Question 12

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Accepted Answer

A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
C)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
D)  has a transport epithelium. 
A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
C)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
D)  has a transport epithelium.

Question 13

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma 
B)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
C)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma 
D)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
A)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma 
B)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
C)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma 
D)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

Question 14

Urea is produced in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  liver from NH₃ and carbon dioxide 
B)  liver from glycogen 
C)  kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids 
D)  bladder from uric acid and water 
A)  liver from NH₃ and carbon dioxide 
B)  liver from glycogen 
C)  kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids 
D)  bladder from uric acid and water

Question 15

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
Selective secretion of toxins and drugs takes place in the structure labeled ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 16

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  wet rain forest 
B)  desert 
C)  prairie 
D)  chaparral 
A)  wet rain forest 
B)  desert 
C)  prairie 
D)  chaparral

Question 17

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic 
A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

Question 18

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water 
D)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes 
A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water 
D)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

Question 19

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates 
A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates

Question 20

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea does not affect the osmotic gradient 
D)  less nitrogen is removed from the body 
A)  urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea does not affect the osmotic gradient 
D)  less nitrogen is removed from the body

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Use the following figure to answer the question. In which of the labeled structures does passive water reabsorption take place?

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules ________.

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by ________.

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the atrial natriuretic peptide system can be triggered by ________.

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would ________.

Urea is produced in the ________.

Use the following figure to answer the question. Selective secretion of toxins and drugs takes place in the structure labeled ________.

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle ________.

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

The force driving simple diffusion is , while the energy source for active transport is .