Question 1

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blocks the openings into the tracheal system 
B)  interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries 
C)  clogs their bronchi 
D)  prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere 
A)  blocks the openings into the tracheal system 
B)  interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries 
C)  clogs their bronchi 
D)  prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere

Question 2

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO₂ is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  400 mm Hg 
B)  82 mm Hg 
C)  40 mm Hg 
D)  4 mm Hg 
A)  400 mm Hg 
B)  82 mm Hg 
C)  40 mm Hg 
D)  4 mm Hg

Question 3

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation)can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperventilation results in inefficient gas exchange, and not enough oxygen is absorbed by the blood. 
B)  More metabolic waste is released into the blood, thus reducing the pH. 
C)  Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases. 
D)  Excess production of carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. 
A)  Hyperventilation results in inefficient gas exchange, and not enough oxygen is absorbed by the blood. 
B)  More metabolic waste is released into the blood, thus reducing the pH. 
C)  Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases. 
D)  Excess production of carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Question 4

Circulatory systems compensate for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma 
A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma

Question 5

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Accepted Answer

A)  Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. 
B)  There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. 
C)  Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. 
D)  Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. 
A)  Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. 
B)  There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. 
C)  Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. 
D)  Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Question 6

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves 
B)  capillaries must have a thick endothelium 
C)  arteries must be elastic 
D)  pressure in all vessels must be equal 
A)  blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves 
B)  capillaries must have a thick endothelium 
C)  arteries must be elastic 
D)  pressure in all vessels must be equal

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery 
A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Question 8

In an open circulatory system, blood is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
B)  not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
C)  always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
D)  not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
A)  always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
B)  not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
C)  always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
D)  not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Question 9

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL 
A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL

Question 10

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects 
A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects

Question 11

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries 
D)  increased diffusion of hemoglobin 
A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries 
D)  increased diffusion of hemoglobin

Question 12

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. 
B)  A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. 
C)  The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. 
D)  In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals. 
A)  The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. 
B)  A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. 
C)  The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. 
D)  In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

Question 13

If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  the pulmonary vein. 
B)  the trachea. 
C)  the right atrium. 
D)  the right ventricle. 
A)  the pulmonary vein. 
B)  the trachea. 
C)  the right atrium. 
D)  the right ventricle.

Question 14

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
A)  the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta

Question 15

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin will not release oxygen 
B)  fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues 
C)  the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase 
D)  plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries 
A)  hemoglobin will not release oxygen 
B)  fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues 
C)  the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase 
D)  plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries

Question 16

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an open circulatory system 
B)  a closed circulatory system 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity 
D)  branched tracheae 
A)  an open circulatory system 
B)  a closed circulatory system 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity 
D)  branched tracheae

Question 17

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Accepted Answer

A)  left atrium. 
B)  right atrium. 
C)  left ventricle. 
D)  right ventricle. 
A)  left atrium. 
B)  right atrium. 
C)  left ventricle. 
D)  right ventricle.

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?
I changing the force of heart contraction
II constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles
III opening or closing precapillary sphincters

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 19

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  platelets 
B)  leukocytes 
C)  erythrocytes 
D)  thrombi 
A)  platelets 
B)  leukocytes 
C)  erythrocytes 
D)  thrombi

Question 20

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  open circulatory system 
B)  hemocoel 
C)  two-chambered heart 
D)  four-chambered heart 
A)  open circulatory system 
B)  hemocoel 
C)  two-chambered heart 
D)  four-chambered heart

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it ________.

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO₂ is ________.

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation)can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why?

Circulatory systems compensate for ________.

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

In an open circulatory system, blood is ________.

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ________.

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ________.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ________.

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I changing the force of heart contraction II constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles III opening or closing precapillary sphincters

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called ________.

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

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The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

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An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

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Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

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Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

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Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

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