Question 1

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ in the expression of a large set of shared genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA microarray analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  DNA sequencing 
D)  protein-protein interaction assays 
A)  DNA microarray analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  DNA sequencing 
D)  protein-protein interaction assays

Question 2

When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by doubling all genes in a genome, which of the following results has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  pseudogene creation 
B)  creation of a gene cluster 
C)  creation of a polyploid 
D)  creation of a diploid 
A)  pseudogene creation 
B)  creation of a gene cluster 
C)  creation of a polyploid 
D)  creation of a diploid

Question 3

What is metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequencing of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem 
A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequencing of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem

Question 4

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the characteristics of alternative splicing in vertebrate genomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vertebrate genomes can produce more than one polypeptide from a single gene. 
B)  Vertebrate genomes can produce only one polypeptide from a single gene. 
C)  Vertebrate genomes are always smaller than other organisms. 
D)  Alternative splicing leaves introns in vertebrate genes after they are transcribed. 
A)  Vertebrate genomes can produce more than one polypeptide from a single gene. 
B)  Vertebrate genomes can produce only one polypeptide from a single gene. 
C)  Vertebrate genomes are always smaller than other organisms. 
D)  Alternative splicing leaves introns in vertebrate genes after they are transcribed.

Question 5

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
C)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced. 
D)  Histone proteins change shape during embryonic development. 
A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
C)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced. 
D)  Histone proteins change shape during embryonic development.

Question 6

Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Question 7

Which of the following types of genes or gene families may be created by mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication?

Accepted Answer

A)  only a pseudogene 
B)  only a gene with a new function 
C)  only a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D)  a pseudogene, a gene with a new function, and a gene family with two distinct but related members 
A)  only a pseudogene 
B)  only a gene with a new function 
C)  only a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D)  a pseudogene, a gene with a new function, and a gene family with two distinct but related members

Question 8

A microarray is a tool used in genetic research to determine the mRNAs being produced in a particular tissue, and their relative level of expression. Known genes can therefore be assayed for their expression in different situations. One use of the technology is in cancer diagnosis and treatment. If a known gene functions as a tumor suppressor, predict which of the following pieces of evidence would be most useful in diagnosis of a cancer due to a mutation in this tumor-suppressor gene.

Accepted Answer

A)  The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. 
B)  The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. 
C)  The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. 
D)  The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high levels of expression. 
A)  The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. 
B)  The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. 
C)  The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. 
D)  The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high levels of expression.

Question 9

Which of the following processes is an early step in the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Accepted Answer

A)  break genomic DNA at random sites 
B)  map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C)  randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing 
A)  break genomic DNA at random sites 
B)  map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C)  randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing

Question 10

A sequence database such as GenBank could be used to carry out which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determine the expression pattern for specific human genes. 
B)  Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships between various bird species. 
C)  Search for genes that have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes. 
D)  Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-cancerous cells. 
A)  Determine the expression pattern for specific human genes. 
B)  Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships between various bird species. 
C)  Search for genes that have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes. 
D)  Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-cancerous cells.

Question 11

Why is sequencing of eukaryotic genomes more difficult than sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is due to the large size of eukaryotic proteins. 
B)  Eukaryotic genomes contain sequences for hard-to-find proteins. 
C)  There is a high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA, which makes sequencing difficult to complete. 
D)  The large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA make sequencing difficult. 
A)  It is due to the large size of eukaryotic proteins. 
B)  Eukaryotic genomes contain sequences for hard-to-find proteins. 
C)  There is a high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA, which makes sequencing difficult to complete. 
D)  The large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA make sequencing difficult.

Question 12

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the question.
 
The figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse.
Which of the following statements describes the result of the movement of these blocks?

Accepted Answer

A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes. 
A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes.

Question 14

Comparisons of DNA sequences within the human species have revealed many variations. Which of the following variations involves duplication of relatively long stretches of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  CNVs 
B)  SNPs 
C)  STRs 
D)  Transposable elements 
A)  CNVs 
B)  SNPs 
C)  STRs 
D)  Transposable elements

Question 15

Which of the following statements defines proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the linkage of each gene to a particular protein. 
B)  It is the study of the full protein set and its properties. 
C)  It is the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein. 
D)  It is the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein. 
A)  It is the linkage of each gene to a particular protein. 
B)  It is the study of the full protein set and its properties. 
C)  It is the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein. 
D)  It is the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein.

Question 16

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of a multigene family?

Accepted Answer

A)  A multigene family includes multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  A multigene family includes genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  A multigene family includes a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
D)  A multigene family includes a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species. 
A)  A multigene family includes multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  A multigene family includes genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  A multigene family includes a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
D)  A multigene family includes a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species.

Question 17

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, so-called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
A)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome.

Question 18

During which of the following processes does exon shuffling occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  splicing of DNA 
B)  DNA replication 
C)  meiotic recombination 
D)  translation 
A)  splicing of DNA 
B)  DNA replication 
C)  meiotic recombination 
D)  translation

Question 19

Based on the data in the Amino Acid Sequence Identity Table, which two members of the human globin gene family are the most divergent?

Accepted Answer

A)  α1 and ß 
B)  Αγ and ß 
C)  α1 and a2 
D)  α1 and G? 
A)  α1 and ß 
B)  Αγ and ß 
C)  α1 and a2 
D)  α1 and G?

Question 20

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How can these fragments of DNA now be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  to introduce certain mammoth traits into relatives, such as elephants 
B)  to clone live woolly mammoths 
C)  to understand the reasons why mammoths went extinct 
D)  to better understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa 
A)  to introduce certain mammoth traits into relatives, such as elephants 
B)  to clone live woolly mammoths 
C)  to understand the reasons why mammoths went extinct 
D)  to better understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ in the expression of a large set of shared genes?

When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by doubling all genes in a genome, which of the following results has occurred?

What is metagenomics?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the characteristics of alternative splicing in vertebrate genomes?

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Homeotic genes

Which of the following types of genes or gene families may be created by mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication?

Which of the following processes is an early step in the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

A sequence database such as GenBank could be used to carry out which of the following processes?

Why is sequencing of eukaryotic genomes more difficult than sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea?

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Use the following information to answer the question. The figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. Which of the following statements describes the result of the movement of these blocks?

Comparisons of DNA sequences within the human species have revealed many variations. Which of the following variations involves duplication of relatively long stretches of DNA?

Which of the following statements defines proteomics?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of a multigene family?

During which of the following processes does exon shuffling occur?

Based on the data in the Amino Acid Sequence Identity Table, which two members of the human globin gene family are the most divergent?

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How can these fragments of DNA now be used?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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