Question 1

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

Accepted Answer

A)  the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B)  a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C)  all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D)  the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E)  the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 
A)  the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B)  a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C)  all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D)  the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E)  the MHC molecules are heterozygous.

Question 2

An immunoglobulin (Ig)molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of

Accepted Answer

A)  one C region and one V region. 
B)  three C regions and one V region. 
C)  one H region and one L region. 
D)  three H regions and one L region. 
E)  two C regions and two V regions. 
A)  one C region and one V region. 
B)  three C regions and one V region. 
C)  one H region and one L region. 
D)  three H regions and one L region. 
E)  two C regions and two V regions.

Question 3

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

Accepted Answer

A)  distinguish self from nonself. 
B)  recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C)  identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D)  identify specific viruses. 
E)  recognize differences among types of cancer. 
A)  distinguish self from nonself. 
B)  recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C)  identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D)  identify specific viruses. 
E)  recognize differences among types of cancer.

Question 4

The lymphatic fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine. 
B)  is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C)  carries both red and white blood cells. 
D)  functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E)  carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells. 
A)  is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine. 
B)  is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C)  carries both red and white blood cells. 
D)  functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E)  carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells.

Question 5

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

Accepted Answer

A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the susceptibility to a particular virus 
E)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive 
A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the susceptibility to a particular virus 
E)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

Question 6

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane)to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

Accepted Answer

A)  even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C)  for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D)  Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E)  Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant. 
A)  even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C)  for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D)  Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E)  Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.

Question 7

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

Accepted Answer

A)  the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions. 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens. 
C)  complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies. 
A)  the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions. 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens. 
C)  complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies.

Question 8

-According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced

Accepted Answer

A)  between 0 and 7 days. 
B)  between 7 and 14 days. 
C)  between 28 and 35 days. 
D)  between 35 and 42 days. 
E)  both between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A)  between 0 and 7 days. 
B)  between 7 and 14 days. 
C)  between 28 and 35 days. 
D)  between 35 and 42 days. 
E)  both between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 9

-After a long and cold winter, Jim was excited to start exploring the woods behind his new home. His first adventure included exposure to poison ivy without any reaction. A month later, though, a second walk through the woods was not so great, since two days later Jim had a terrible rash that lasted for weeks. The fact that the rash took two days to develop indicates that this immune response was an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  humoral immunity. 
B)  cell-mediated immunity. 
C)  innate immunity. 
D)  the activation of Toll-like receptors. 
E)  the activation of the complement system. 
A)  humoral immunity. 
B)  cell-mediated immunity. 
C)  innate immunity. 
D)  the activation of Toll-like receptors. 
E)  the activation of the complement system.

Question 10

Assume that a DGS-like phenotype was produced in a specific "gene-knockout" mouse, one lacking expression of HA3, a Hox gene known to be involved in developmental regulation in the mouse.
The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

Accepted Answer

A)  a bone marrow biopsy. 
B)  an assay for environmental agents known to cause birth defects. 
C)  a chest X-ray. 
D)  the measurement of the proportion of CD4 cells to total lymphocytes. 
E)  an autopsy examination of the adrenal glands. 
A)  a bone marrow biopsy. 
B)  an assay for environmental agents known to cause birth defects. 
C)  a chest X-ray. 
D)  the measurement of the proportion of CD4 cells to total lymphocytes. 
E)  an autopsy examination of the adrenal glands.

Question 11

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins.

Question 12

Acidity in human urine is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  cell-mediated immune responses. 
B)  antibody activation. 
C)  acquired immunity. 
D)  adaptive immunity. 
E)  innate immunity. 
A)  cell-mediated immune responses. 
B)  antibody activation. 
C)  acquired immunity. 
D)  adaptive immunity. 
E)  innate immunity.

Question 13

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral

Accepted Answer

A)  lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  double-stranded DNA. 
C)  double-stranded RNA. 
D)  glycoproteins. 
E)  phospholipids. 
A)  lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  double-stranded DNA. 
C)  double-stranded RNA. 
D)  glycoproteins. 
E)  phospholipids.

Question 14

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin, and two examples are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-Select the description that likely indicates a child with Bruton's disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  baby girl Denise, with low level of antibody response to streptococcal infection 
B)  baby boy John, with immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors 
C)  baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia 
D)  baby girl Susan, with no evidence of a thymus gland 
E)  baby boy Matt, with very low circulating antigens 
A)  baby girl Denise, with low level of antibody response to streptococcal infection 
B)  baby boy John, with immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors 
C)  baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia 
D)  baby girl Susan, with no evidence of a thymus gland 
E)  baby boy Matt, with very low circulating antigens

Question 15

A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood, a likely result of

Accepted Answer

A)  the patient having encountered a bacterial infection which elicited CD8+ T cells. 
B)  the disease having been caused by a multicellular parasite, such as can be encountered in polluted water sources. 
C)  the CD8 proteins having been discharged from these lymphocytes to lyse the infected cells. 
D)  a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  the CD8 proteins having "marked" the surface of cells that accumulate after the infection is over and signal patient recovery. 
A)  the patient having encountered a bacterial infection which elicited CD8+ T cells. 
B)  the disease having been caused by a multicellular parasite, such as can be encountered in polluted water sources. 
C)  the CD8 proteins having been discharged from these lymphocytes to lyse the infected cells. 
D)  a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  the CD8 proteins having "marked" the surface of cells that accumulate after the infection is over and signal patient recovery.

Question 16

Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  enzyme activation of microbe-killing chemicals 
B)  activation of natural killer cells 
C)  phagocytosis by hemocytes 
D)  production of antimicrobial peptides 
E)  a protective exoskeleton 
A)  enzyme activation of microbe-killing chemicals 
B)  activation of natural killer cells 
C)  phagocytosis by hemocytes 
D)  production of antimicrobial peptides 
E)  a protective exoskeleton

Question 17

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

Accepted Answer

A)  cytotoxic T cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  helper T cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  B cells. 
A)  cytotoxic T cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  helper T cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  B cells.

Question 18

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

Accepted Answer

A)  seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B)  the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C)  the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D)  the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E)  the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient. 
A)  seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B)  the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C)  the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D)  the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E)  the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient.

Question 19

The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

Accepted Answer

A)  the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies. 
B)  the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells. 
C)  the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type. 
D)  no reaction because type O is a universal donor. 
E)  no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies. 
A)  the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies. 
B)  the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells. 
C)  the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type. 
D)  no reaction because type O is a universal donor. 
E)  no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies.

Question 20

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Accepted Answer

A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling. 
E)  all of the signs of a major infection. 
A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling. 
E)  all of the signs of a major infection.

Exam 43: The Immune System

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

An immunoglobulin (Ig)molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

The lymphatic fluid

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane)to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

-According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced

Assume that a DGS-like phenotype was produced in a specific "gene-knockout" mouse, one lacking expression of HA3, a Hox gene known to be involved in developmental regulation in the mouse. The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Acidity in human urine is an example of

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral

A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood, a likely result of

Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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