Question 1

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B)  herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C)  Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D)  the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E)  myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time. 
A)  influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B)  herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C)  Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D)  the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E)  myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time.

Question 2

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell. 
B)  cytotoxic T cell. 
C)  natural killer cell. 
D)  CD8 cell. 
E)  helper T cell. 
A)  plasma cell. 
B)  cytotoxic T cell. 
C)  natural killer cell. 
D)  CD8 cell. 
E)  helper T cell.

Question 3

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Accepted Answer

A)  the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B)  the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C)  human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D)  the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system. 
A)  the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B)  the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C)  human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D)  the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system.

Question 4

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.

-The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that

Accepted Answer

A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days. 
A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days.

Question 5

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Accepted Answer

A)  blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B)  construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C)  multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D)  diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E)  macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response. 
A)  blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B)  construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C)  multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D)  diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E)  macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response.

Question 6

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D)  there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus. 
A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D)  there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus.

Question 7

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

Accepted Answer

A)  inactivate the erythrocytes. 
B)  stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells. 
C)  stimulate release of interferons. 
D)  stimulate natural killer cell activity. 
E)  activate a group of proteins called complement. 
A)  inactivate the erythrocytes. 
B)  stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells. 
C)  stimulate release of interferons. 
D)  stimulate natural killer cell activity. 
E)  activate a group of proteins called complement.

Question 8

A patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in cytotoxic T cell number 
B)  suffering from anaphylactic shock 
C)  risking development of an autoimmune disease 
D)  suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity 
E)  an increase in the levels of IgE 
A)  an increase in cytotoxic T cell number 
B)  suffering from anaphylactic shock 
C)  risking development of an autoimmune disease 
D)  suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity 
E)  an increase in the levels of IgE

Question 9

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence.
I.Pathogen is destroyed.
II.Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III.Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV.Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
V.Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V 
A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V

Question 10

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

Accepted Answer

A)  heat, pain, and redness. 
B)  pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue. 
C)  swelling and pain. 
D)  antibody-producing cells. 
E)  swelling, heat, redness, and pain. 
A)  heat, pain, and redness. 
B)  pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue. 
C)  swelling and pain. 
D)  antibody-producing cells. 
E)  swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

Question 11

The complement system is

Accepted Answer

A)  a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B)  a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C)  a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D)  a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E)  a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes. 
A)  a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B)  a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C)  a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D)  a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E)  a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes.

Question 12

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

Accepted Answer

A)  respond to T-independent antigens. 
B)  lyse tumor cells. 
C)  stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D)  interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex. 
A)  respond to T-independent antigens. 
B)  lyse tumor cells. 
C)  stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D)  interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

Question 13

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

Accepted Answer

A)  lysozyme production. 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils. 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells. 
D)  histamine release by basophils. 
E)  lysis by natural killer cells. 
A)  lysozyme production. 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils. 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells. 
D)  histamine release by basophils. 
E)  lysis by natural killer cells.

Question 14

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

Accepted Answer

A)  the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins. 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E)  interferons produced by immune cells. 
A)  the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins. 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E)  interferons produced by immune cells.

Question 15

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells. 
B)  plasma cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  macrophages. 
A)  B cells. 
B)  plasma cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  macrophages.

Question 16

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B)  antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C)  the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
A)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B)  antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C)  the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells.

Question 17

-Study the table. The mother could exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus in

Accepted Answer

A)  Case 1 only. 
B)  Case 3 only. 
C)  Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given. 
A)  Case 1 only. 
B)  Case 3 only. 
C)  Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given.

Question 18

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Accepted Answer

A)  destruction of the bacterium by NK cells. 
B)  successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C)  removal of the bacterium by dendritic cells and its concentration in lymph nodes. 
D)  the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E)  lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium. 
A)  destruction of the bacterium by NK cells. 
B)  successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C)  removal of the bacterium by dendritic cells and its concentration in lymph nodes. 
D)  the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E)  lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium.

Question 19

Immunological memory accounts for

Accepted Answer

A)  the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B)  the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C)  the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D)  the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E)  the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens. 
A)  the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B)  the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C)  the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D)  the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E)  the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens.

Question 20

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Accepted Answer

A)  large numbers of neutrophils. 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
A)  large numbers of neutrophils. 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

Exam 43: The Immune System

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. -The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

A patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common?

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

The complement system is

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

-Study the table. The mother could exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus in

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Immunological memory accounts for

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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