Question 1

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA. 
A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

Question 2

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

Accepted Answer

A)  complement. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  class I MHC molecules. 
D)  class II MHC molecules. 
E)  dendritic cells. 
A)  complement. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  class I MHC molecules. 
D)  class II MHC molecules. 
E)  dendritic cells.

Question 3

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Accepted Answer

A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C)  when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell. 
D)  in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test. 
E)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens. 
A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C)  when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell. 
D)  in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test. 
E)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens.

Question 4

Antigens are

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. 
B)  proteins embedded in B cell membranes. 
C)  proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains. 
D)  foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. 
E)  proteins released during an inflammatory response. 
A)  proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. 
B)  proteins embedded in B cell membranes. 
C)  proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains. 
D)  foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. 
E)  proteins released during an inflammatory response.

Question 5

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophils. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  dendritic cells. 
D)  natural killer cells. 
A)  neutrophils. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  dendritic cells. 
D)  natural killer cells.

Question 6

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies. 
A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies.

Question 7

Antihistamine treatment reduces

Accepted Answer

A)  blood vessel dilation. 
B)  phagocytosis of antigens. 
C)  MHC presentation by macrophages. 
D)  the secondary immune response. 
E)  clonal selection by antigens. 
A)  blood vessel dilation. 
B)  phagocytosis of antigens. 
C)  MHC presentation by macrophages. 
D)  the secondary immune response. 
E)  clonal selection by antigens.

Question 8

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B)  blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C)  reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D)  reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E)  reducing the number of natural killer cells. 
A)  blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B)  blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C)  reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D)  reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E)  reducing the number of natural killer cells.

Question 9

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines. 
A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines.

Question 10

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins 
B)  infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules 
C)  producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses 
D)  infecting and killing helper T cells 
E)  building the viral shell from host proteins 
A)  having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins 
B)  infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules 
C)  producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses 
D)  infecting and killing helper T cells 
E)  building the viral shell from host proteins

Question 11

-According to the graph, antibodies will be produced

Accepted Answer

A)  between 3 and 7 days. 
B)  between 14 and 21 days. 
C)  between 28 and 35 days. 
D)  between 14 and 21 days and between 42 and 56 days. 
E)  both between 3 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A)  between 3 and 7 days. 
B)  between 14 and 21 days. 
C)  between 28 and 35 days. 
D)  between 14 and 21 days and between 42 and 56 days. 
E)  both between 3 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 12

T cells of the immune system include

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells. 
A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells.

Question 13

Infection with HIV typically

Accepted Answer

A)  increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B)  eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C)  leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D)  alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E)  is found in B cells but not in T cells. 
A)  increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B)  eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C)  leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D)  alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E)  is found in B cells but not in T cells.

Question 14

The function of antibodies is to

Accepted Answer

A)  inject toxins into living pathogens. 
B)  secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. 
C)  release perforins to disrupt infected cells. 
D)  act as Toll-like receptors. 
E)  mark pathogenic cells for destruction. 
A)  inject toxins into living pathogens. 
B)  secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. 
C)  release perforins to disrupt infected cells. 
D)  act as Toll-like receptors. 
E)  mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

Question 15

Vaccination increases the number of

Accepted Answer

A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D)  macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E)  MHC molecules that can present an antigen. 
A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D)  macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E)  MHC molecules that can present an antigen.

Question 16

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

Accepted Answer

A)  a vaccine. 
B)  complement. 
C)  sterile pollen. 
D)  antihistamines. 
E)  monoclonal antibodies. 
A)  a vaccine. 
B)  complement. 
C)  sterile pollen. 
D)  antihistamines. 
E)  monoclonal antibodies.

Question 17

Clonal selection implies that

Accepted Answer

A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B)  antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E)  the body selects which antigens it will respond to. 
A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B)  antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E)  the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

Question 18

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin, and two examples are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-Bruton's disorder will likely include

Accepted Answer

A)  the failure of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in B cells. 
B)  the failure to incorporate CD4 receptors into cell membranes. 
C)  an underexpression of the gene for the β chain of the T cell receptor. 
D)  an underexpression of the gene for the CD8 receptor molecule. 
E)  the inability of the bone marrow cells to interact with MHC molecules. 
A)  the failure of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in B cells. 
B)  the failure to incorporate CD4 receptors into cell membranes. 
C)  an underexpression of the gene for the β chain of the T cell receptor. 
D)  an underexpression of the gene for the CD8 receptor molecule. 
E)  the inability of the bone marrow cells to interact with MHC molecules.

Question 19

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

Accepted Answer

A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils. 
A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils.

Question 20

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Accepted Answer

A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of interleukin-1. 
D)  injection of interleukin-2. 
E)  injection of interferon. 
A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of interleukin-1. 
D)  injection of interleukin-2. 
E)  injection of interferon.

Exam 43: The Immune System

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Antigens are

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Antihistamine treatment reduces

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

-According to the graph, antibodies will be produced

T cells of the immune system include

Infection with HIV typically

The function of antibodies is to

Vaccination increases the number of

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

Clonal selection implies that

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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