Exam 31: Fungi

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially

Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?

Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi? 1)chitinous cell wall 2)two haploid nuclei per cell 3)polar filament 4)chemoheterotrophy

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees. I. II. . III. IV. . -Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?

Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable?

In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?

For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. -Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another?

Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information? 1)S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes. 2)S. schenkii should be reclassified. 3)S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage. 4)The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species. 5)S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick.

When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real?

Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to

Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have

Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas?

What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus?

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?

The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached)molecules of β-glucose?

Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike?