Question 1

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Accepted Answer

A)  are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B)  are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C)  provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
D)  reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
E)  are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes. 
A)  are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B)  are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C)  provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
D)  reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
E)  are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes.

Question 2

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated further, however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost.
-These inside-out membrane vesicles

Accepted Answer

A)  will become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
B)  will become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
C)  will make ATP from ADP and   ᵢ if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution. 
D)  will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. 
E)  will reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD⁺ in the absence of oxygen. 
A)  will become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
B)  will become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
C)  will make ATP from ADP and   ᵢ if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution. 
D)  will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. 
E)  will reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD⁺ in the absence of oxygen.

Question 3

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis and fermentation only 
B)  glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only 
C)  glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation only 
E)  glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen 
A)  glycolysis and fermentation only 
B)  glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only 
C)  glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation only 
E)  glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

Question 4

When skeletal muscle cells are oxygen-deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart muscle cells be able to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  derive sufficient energy from fermentation 
B)  continue aerobic metabolism when skeletal muscle cannot 
C)  transform lactate to pyruvate again 
D)  remove lactate from the blood 
E)  remove oxygen from lactate 
A)  derive sufficient energy from fermentation 
B)  continue aerobic metabolism when skeletal muscle cannot 
C)  transform lactate to pyruvate again 
D)  remove lactate from the blood 
E)  remove oxygen from lactate

Question 5

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 
B)  ethanol 
C)  pyruvate 
D)  lactic acid 
E)  either ethanol or lactic acid 
A)  glucose 
B)  ethanol 
C)  pyruvate 
D)  lactic acid 
E)  either ethanol or lactic acid

Question 6

How many oxygen molecules (O₂)are required each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration,?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  6 
D)  12 
E)  30 
A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  6 
D)  12 
E)  30

Question 7

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D)  activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate. 
A)  inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D)  activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

When skeletal muscle cells are oxygen-deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart muscle cells be able to do?

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

How many oxygen molecules (O₂)are required each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration,?

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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