Question 1

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically. 
B)  The mutant yeast will grow anaerobically only when given glucose. 
C)  The mutant yeast will be unable to metabolize glucose. 
D)  The mutant yeast will die because they cannot regenerate NAD⁺ from NAD. 
E)  The mutant yeast will metabolize only fatty acids. 
A)  The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically. 
B)  The mutant yeast will grow anaerobically only when given glucose. 
C)  The mutant yeast will be unable to metabolize glucose. 
D)  The mutant yeast will die because they cannot regenerate NAD⁺ from NAD. 
E)  The mutant yeast will metabolize only fatty acids.

Question 2

A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C)  His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D)  His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. 
E)  His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. 
A)  His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C)  His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D)  His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. 
E)  His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

Question 3

Figure 9.3
-What happens at the end of the chain in Figure 9.3?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 electrons combine with a proton and a molecule of NAD⁺. 
B)  2 electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. 
C)  4 electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and 4 protons. 
D)  4 electrons combine with four hydrogen and two oxygen atoms. 
E)  1 electron combines with a molecule of oxygen and a hydrogen atom. 
A)  2 electrons combine with a proton and a molecule of NAD⁺. 
B)  2 electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. 
C)  4 electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and 4 protons. 
D)  4 electrons combine with four hydrogen and two oxygen atoms. 
E)  1 electron combines with a molecule of oxygen and a hydrogen atom.

Question 4

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  0% 
B)  2% 
C)  10% 
D)  38% 
E)  100% 
A)  0% 
B)  2% 
C)  10% 
D)  38% 
E)  100%

Question 5

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B)  reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C)  oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D)  reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E)  do none of the above. 
A)  reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B)  reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C)  oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D)  reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E)  do none of the above.

Question 6

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells' prokaryotic cells. 
E)  It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. 
A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells' prokaryotic cells. 
E)  It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

Question 7

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytosol 
B)  mitochondrial outer membrane 
C)  mitochondrial inner membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  mitochondrial matrix 
A)  cytosol 
B)  mitochondrial outer membrane 
C)  mitochondrial inner membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  mitochondrial matrix

Question 8

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen. 
B)  water. 
C)  NAD⁺. 
D)  pyruvate. 
E)  ADP. 
A)  oxygen. 
B)  water. 
C)  NAD⁺. 
D)  pyruvate. 
E)  ADP.

Question 9

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂)is present or absent?

Accepted Answer

A)  electron transport 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  chemiosmosis 
A)  electron transport 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  chemiosmosis

Question 10

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized by carbon dioxide and water, how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  1 
C)  12 
D)  14 
E)  15 
A)  0 
B)  1 
C)  12 
D)  14 
E)  15

Question 11

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Accepted Answer

A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  electron transport. 
C)  photophosphorylation. 
D)  chemiosmosis. 
E)  oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺. 
A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  electron transport. 
C)  photophosphorylation. 
D)  chemiosmosis. 
E)  oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.

Question 12

It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?

Accepted Answer

A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  oxidative phosphorylation 
C)  glycolysis and fermentation 
D)  reduction of NAD⁺ 
E)  both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  oxidative phosphorylation 
C)  glycolysis and fermentation 
D)  reduction of NAD⁺ 
E)  both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B)  ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C)  ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same. 
A)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B)  ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C)  ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E)  ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same.

Question 14

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Accepted Answer

A)  two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
B)  two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. 
C)  four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
D)  two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
E)  six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
A)  two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
B)  two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. 
C)  four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. 
D)  two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. 
E)  six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.

Question 15

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O₂)is present?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis 
B)  fermentation 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) 
A)  glycolysis 
B)  fermentation 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

Question 16

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pH of the matrix increases. 
B)  ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. 
C)  The electrons gain free energy. 
D)  The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. 
E)  NAD⁺ is oxidized. 
A)  The pH of the matrix increases. 
B)  ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. 
C)  The electrons gain free energy. 
D)  The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. 
E)  NAD⁺ is oxidized.

Question 17

The transport of pyruvate into mitochondria depends on the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport 
B)  diffusion 
C)  facilitated diffusion 
D)  through a channel 
E)  through a pore 
A)  active transport 
B)  diffusion 
C)  facilitated diffusion 
D)  through a channel 
E)  through a pore

Question 18

Figure 9.1 illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions.
   
Figure 9.1
-In which step in Figure 9.1 is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 19

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport. 
B)  an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction. 
C)  a reaction with a positive ΔG . 
D)  osmosis. 
E)  allosteric regulation. 
A)  active transport. 
B)  an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction. 
C)  a reaction with a positive ΔG . 
D)  osmosis. 
E)  allosteric regulation.

Question 20

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle.
-Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see Figure 9.2)?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  11 
D)  12 
E)  24 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  11 
D)  12 
E)  24

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells?

Figure 9.3 -What happens at the end of the chain in Figure 9.3?

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂)is present or absent?

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized by carbon dioxide and water, how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O₂)is present?

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs?

The transport of pyruvate into mitochondria depends on the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

Figure 9.1 illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions. Figure 9.1 -In which step in Figure 9.1 is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle. -Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see Figure 9.2)?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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