Question 1

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen 
B)  citric acid cycle → FADH₂ → electron transport chain → ATP 
C)  electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen 
D)  pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen 
E)  citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen 
A)  glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen 
B)  citric acid cycle → FADH₂ → electron transport chain → ATP 
C)  electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen 
D)  pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen 
E)  citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

Question 2

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B)  an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C)  an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D)  an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺ 
E)  an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain 
A)  an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B)  an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C)  an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D)  an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺ 
E)  an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Question 3

During aerobic respiration, H₂O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide (CO₂) 
B)  glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) 
C)  molecular oxygen (O₂) 
D)  pyruvate (C₃H₃O₃⁻) 
E)  lactate (C₃H₅O₃⁻) 
A)  carbon dioxide (CO₂) 
B)  glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) 
C)  molecular oxygen (O₂) 
D)  pyruvate (C₃H₃O₃⁻) 
E)  lactate (C₃H₅O₃⁻)

Question 4

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  the electron transport chain 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate 
E)  reduction of pyruvate to lactate 
A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  the electron transport chain 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate 
E)  reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Question 5

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle.
-If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in Figure 9.2?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid. 
B)  Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate. 
C)  Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease. 
D)  Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease. 
E)  Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate. 
A)  There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid. 
B)  Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate. 
C)  Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease. 
D)  Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease. 
E)  Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate.

Question 6

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B)  It was converted to heat and then released. 
C)  It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D)  It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E)  It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body. 
A)  It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B)  It was converted to heat and then released. 
C)  It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D)  It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E)  It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

Question 7

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the electron transport chain 
B)  substrate-level phosphorylation 
C)  chemiosmosis 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  aerobic respiration 
A)  the electron transport chain 
B)  substrate-level phosphorylation 
C)  chemiosmosis 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  aerobic respiration

Question 8

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidation of glucose 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate 
C)  feedback regulation 
D)  control of ATP accumulation 
E)  breakdown of fatty acids 
A)  oxidation of glucose 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate 
C)  feedback regulation 
D)  control of ATP accumulation 
E)  breakdown of fatty acids

Question 9

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

Accepted Answer

A)  It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. 
B)  It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. 
C)  It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. 
A)  It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. 
B)  It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. 
C)  It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria.

Question 10

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  CO₂ and H₂O 
B)  CO₂ and pyruvate 
C)  NADH and pyruvate 
D)  CO₂ and NADH 
E)  H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate 
A)  CO₂ and H₂O 
B)  CO₂ and pyruvate 
C)  NADH and pyruvate 
D)  CO₂ and NADH 
E)  H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate

Question 11

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  4 
C)  15 
D)  30-32 
E)  60-64 
A)  2 
B)  4 
C)  15 
D)  30-32 
E)  60-64

Question 13

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO₂)from one molecule of pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

A)  lactate 
B)  glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl CoA 
E)  citrate 
A)  lactate 
B)  glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl CoA 
E)  citrate

Question 14

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

Accepted Answer

A)  all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B)  only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C)  only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D)  all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E)  all cells, in the absence of respiration. 
A)  all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B)  only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C)  only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D)  all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E)  all cells, in the absence of respiration.

Question 15

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located

Accepted Answer

A)  in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
B)  in the mitochondrial outer membrane. 
C)  in the plasma membrane. 
D)  in the cytoplasm. 
E)  in the bacterial outer membrane. 
A)  in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
B)  in the mitochondrial outer membrane. 
C)  in the plasma membrane. 
D)  in the cytoplasm. 
E)  in the bacterial outer membrane.

Question 16

In alcohol fermentation, NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH by

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C)  reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. 
D)  oxidation of ethanol to acetyl CoA. 
E)  reduction of ethanol to pyruvate. 
A)  reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C)  reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. 
D)  oxidation of ethanol to acetyl CoA. 
E)  reduction of ethanol to pyruvate.

Question 17

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  mitochondrial outer membrane 
C)  mitochondrial inner membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  cytosol 
A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  mitochondrial outer membrane 
C)  mitochondrial inner membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  cytosol

Question 18

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle.
-For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see Figure 9.2), what is the total number of NADH + FADH₂ molecules produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  4 
B)  5 
C)  6 
D)  10 
E)  12 
A)  4 
B)  5 
C)  6 
D)  10 
E)  12

Question 19

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 
A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 20

An electron loses potential energy when it

Accepted Answer

A)  shifts to a less electronegative atom. 
B)  shifts to a more electronegative atom. 
C)  increases its kinetic energy. 
D)  increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. 
E)  moves further away from the nucleus of the atom. 
A)  shifts to a less electronegative atom. 
B)  shifts to a more electronegative atom. 
C)  increases its kinetic energy. 
D)  increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. 
E)  moves further away from the nucleus of the atom.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

During aerobic respiration, H₂O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle. -If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in Figure 9.2?

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)in aerobic cellular respiration?

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO₂)from one molecule of pyruvate?

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located

In alcohol fermentation, NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH by

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

Figure 9.2 The citric acid cycle. -For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see Figure 9.2), what is the total number of NADH + FADH₂ molecules produced?

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

An electron loses potential energy when it

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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