Question 1

Which of the following statements represents updated findings on Kelley's covariation model?

Accepted Answer

A)  People are likely to make situational attributions when consensus is low and distinctiveness is high. 
B)  Due to the fact that people make up missing information, they are invariably wrong in their attributions. 
C)  People rely more on consensus and consistency information than they do on distinctiveness. 
D)  People rely more on consensus information than on either distinctiveness or consistency information. 
E)  People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus information. 
A)  People are likely to make situational attributions when consensus is low and distinctiveness is high. 
B)  Due to the fact that people make up missing information, they are invariably wrong in their attributions. 
C)  People rely more on consensus and consistency information than they do on distinctiveness. 
D)  People rely more on consensus information than on either distinctiveness or consistency information. 
E)  People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus information.

Question 2

What are self-serving attributions and why do people make them?

Accepted Answer

Self-serving attributions are deviations

Question 3

Why and how does a belief in a just world often lead to victim blaming? Describe the belief in a just world and explain why it occurs and how this belief can have negative consequences for the victims of crime.

Accepted Answer

The belief in a just world is form of de

Question 4

According to recent research by Hafer (2000),victim blaming is increased when people's thoughts are directed towards planning for their future.This is related to

Accepted Answer

A)  the belief in a just world. 
B)  the actor/observer difference. 
C)  the self-serving bias. 
D)  implicit personality theory. 
E)  covariation theory. 
A)  the belief in a just world. 
B)  the actor/observer difference. 
C)  the self-serving bias. 
D)  implicit personality theory. 
E)  covariation theory.

Question 5

Explanations for our behaviour that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality are called

Accepted Answer

A)  belief justifications. 
B)  just-world hypotheses. 
C)  relief management. 
D)  perceptual balances. 
E)  defensive attributions. 
A)  belief justifications. 
B)  just-world hypotheses. 
C)  relief management. 
D)  perceptual balances. 
E)  defensive attributions.

Question 6

Why do we sometimes skip the second step in making attributions?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first step usually leads to highly accurate attributions, so there is no need to move on to the second step most of the time. 
B)  Information about consensus and consistency are usually enough to make attributions; distinctiveness is not that helpful. 
C)  Our attributions are based primarily on distinctiveness. Adding in consensus and consistency usually does not increase the accuracy of attributions. 
D)  We may lack the time, energy, and motivation to consider revising our initial attributions. 
E)  Situational forces are too powerful and tend to dominate the attributional process. 
A)  The first step usually leads to highly accurate attributions, so there is no need to move on to the second step most of the time. 
B)  Information about consensus and consistency are usually enough to make attributions; distinctiveness is not that helpful. 
C)  Our attributions are based primarily on distinctiveness. Adding in consensus and consistency usually does not increase the accuracy of attributions. 
D)  We may lack the time, energy, and motivation to consider revising our initial attributions. 
E)  Situational forces are too powerful and tend to dominate the attributional process.

Question 7

According to the research by Fincham et al.,a spouse in an unhappy marriage is most likely to make which of the following attributions?

Accepted Answer

A)  My partner was irritable because he is under stress. 
B)  My wife helped with my work because she is considerate. 
C)  My husband forgot my birthday because he is so over-worked at the moment. 
D)  My partner didn't notice my new dress because he loves me whatever I wear. 
E)  My wife bought me a gift because she wanted to impress our friends. 
A)  My partner was irritable because he is under stress. 
B)  My wife helped with my work because she is considerate. 
C)  My husband forgot my birthday because he is so over-worked at the moment. 
D)  My partner didn't notice my new dress because he loves me whatever I wear. 
E)  My wife bought me a gift because she wanted to impress our friends.

Question 8

Althea doesn't talk much on her first date with Sean.Sean assumes that is because she's shy.She isn't shy.Althea is quiet because she has recently had a root canal and it still hurts to move her mouth.This example best illustrates that differential _______ can be a source of actor/observer differences in attributions.

Accepted Answer

A)  perceptual salience 
B)  availability of information 
C)  expectation 
D)  distinctiveness 
E)  priming 
A)  perceptual salience 
B)  availability of information 
C)  expectation 
D)  distinctiveness 
E)  priming

Question 9

After managing to make it to the final five players on Survivor,a low profile (and somewhat underrated contestant)named Sam expresses loyalty to one player but then votes against him at Tribal Council.If you assume that Sam is a manipulative liar this means that you have probably

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrated the misinformation effect. 
B)  fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  displayed self-serving attributions. 
D)  overestimated the situational constraints on Sam's behaviour. 
E)  excused Sam's lying behaviour. 
A)  demonstrated the misinformation effect. 
B)  fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  displayed self-serving attributions. 
D)  overestimated the situational constraints on Sam's behaviour. 
E)  excused Sam's lying behaviour.

Question 10

Blaming the victim of rape,abuse,or other misfortunes is most closely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  belief in a just world. 
B)  distinctiveness information. 
C)  self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  self-serving bias 
E)  hindsight bias. 
A)  belief in a just world. 
B)  distinctiveness information. 
C)  self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  self-serving bias 
E)  hindsight bias.

Question 11

Despite a belief in a just world,some tragedies or misfortunes are undeniable reminders that bad things can and do happen.According to Melvin Lerner (1980),to deal with these unsettling reminders we often

Accepted Answer

A)  convince ourselves that bad things happen only to bad people. 
B)  avoid trying to hear about further tragedies or misfortunes. 
C)  decrease our conviction in the power of fate. 
D)  adjust our beliefs about the controllability of events. 
E)  look on the bright side, and work to find something positive in what would appear to be negative events. 
A)  convince ourselves that bad things happen only to bad people. 
B)  avoid trying to hear about further tragedies or misfortunes. 
C)  decrease our conviction in the power of fate. 
D)  adjust our beliefs about the controllability of events. 
E)  look on the bright side, and work to find something positive in what would appear to be negative events.

Question 12

How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human emotions conveyed via facial expressions?

Accepted Answer

Researchers such as Paul Ekman and Walte

Question 13

People in Japan seldom smile widely when they are happy,whereas people in North America are encouraged to smile often.This cultural difference reflects the power of _______ to influence nonverbal communication.

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding 
B)  politeness norms 
C)  display rules 
D)  emblems 
E)  European speakers 
A)  encoding 
B)  politeness norms 
C)  display rules 
D)  emblems 
E)  European speakers

Question 14

When observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus,they are using _______ information.

Accepted Answer

A)  commonality 
B)  consensus 
C)  consistency 
D)  stable 
E)  distinctiveness 
A)  commonality 
B)  consensus 
C)  consistency 
D)  stable 
E)  distinctiveness

Question 15

Not only do display rules make it difficult to decode what someone is feeling by observing his or her face,but people also frequently display

Accepted Answer

A)  facial masking. 
B)  affect blends. 
C)  facial ambivalence. 
D)  emblems. 
E)  nonverbal masking. 
A)  facial masking. 
B)  affect blends. 
C)  facial ambivalence. 
D)  emblems. 
E)  nonverbal masking.

Question 16

In ________ culture,not only is the self-serving bias less prevalent,but people commonly show an opposite pattern of attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)  Canadian 
B)  New Zealand 
C)  Korean 
D)  Eastern European 
E)  African 
A)  Canadian 
B)  New Zealand 
C)  Korean 
D)  Eastern European 
E)  African

Question 17

The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called

Accepted Answer

A)  body language. 
B)  proxemics. 
C)  nonverbal communication. 
D)  emotional responsiveness. 
E)  self-presentation. 
A)  body language. 
B)  proxemics. 
C)  nonverbal communication. 
D)  emotional responsiveness. 
E)  self-presentation.

Question 18

The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008)that examined cultural differences in social perception.They compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character's facial expression.What implications does this study have for the idea of analytic and holistic thinking styles?

Accepted Answer

A)  It implies that holistic thinking styles are better than analytic ones. 
B)  It implies that analytic thinking styles are more primitive than holistic ones. 
C)  It implies that holistic thinking leads people to more carefully consider social context. 
D)  It implies that analytic thinking is erroneous in social contexts. 
E)  It implies that analytic thinking leads people to take account of more information in a social setting. 
A)  It implies that holistic thinking styles are better than analytic ones. 
B)  It implies that analytic thinking styles are more primitive than holistic ones. 
C)  It implies that holistic thinking leads people to more carefully consider social context. 
D)  It implies that analytic thinking is erroneous in social contexts. 
E)  It implies that analytic thinking leads people to take account of more information in a social setting.

Question 19

Which of the following was presented in the text as a possible reason why athletes attribute wins to their own behaviour and losses to external factors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-serving attributions are partly due to the values that we are taught in Western culture. 
B)  Engaging in self-serving attributions is motivated by a need to protect one's self-esteem. 
C)  The operation of judgmental heuristics leads to a tendency to engage in self-serving attributions. 
D)  The behaviours in a winning effort are more perceptually salient than those in a losing effort. 
E)  Athletes are particularly likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. 
A)  Self-serving attributions are partly due to the values that we are taught in Western culture. 
B)  Engaging in self-serving attributions is motivated by a need to protect one's self-esteem. 
C)  The operation of judgmental heuristics leads to a tendency to engage in self-serving attributions. 
D)  The behaviours in a winning effort are more perceptually salient than those in a losing effort. 
E)  Athletes are particularly likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

Question 20

Kelley's (1967)covariation model focuses on how people

Accepted Answer

A)  combine situational and cultural information. 
B)  decide whether to make an internal or an external attribution. 
C)  use information to revise their causal schemas. 
D)  combine information to make a noncorrespondent inference. 
E)  revise their causal inferences in the face of contrary evidence. 
A)  combine situational and cultural information. 
B)  decide whether to make an internal or an external attribution. 
C)  use information to revise their causal schemas. 
D)  combine information to make a noncorrespondent inference. 
E)  revise their causal inferences in the face of contrary evidence.

Which of the following statements represents updated findings on Kelley's covariation model?

What are self-serving attributions and why do people make them?

Why and how does a belief in a just world often lead to victim blaming? Describe the belief in a just world and explain why it occurs and how this belief can have negative consequences for the victims of crime.

According to recent research by Hafer (2000),victim blaming is increased when people's thoughts are directed towards planning for their future.This is related to

Explanations for our behaviour that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality are called

Why do we sometimes skip the second step in making attributions?

According to the research by Fincham et al.,a spouse in an unhappy marriage is most likely to make which of the following attributions?

After managing to make it to the final five players on Survivor,a low profile (and somewhat underrated contestant)named Sam expresses loyalty to one player but then votes against him at Tribal Council.If you assume that Sam is a manipulative liar this means that you have probably

Blaming the victim of rape,abuse,or other misfortunes is most closely related to

Despite a belief in a just world,some tragedies or misfortunes are undeniable reminders that bad things can and do happen.According to Melvin Lerner (1980),to deal with these unsettling reminders we often

How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human emotions conveyed via facial expressions?

People in Japan seldom smile widely when they are happy,whereas people in North America are encouraged to smile often.This cultural difference reflects the power of _______ to influence nonverbal communication.

When observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus,they are using _______ information.

Not only do display rules make it difficult to decode what someone is feeling by observing his or her face,but people also frequently display

In ________ culture,not only is the self-serving bias less prevalent,but people commonly show an opposite pattern of attribution.

The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called

Which of the following was presented in the text as a possible reason why athletes attribute wins to their own behaviour and losses to external factors?

Kelley's (1967)covariation model focuses on how people

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

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Exam 4: Social Perception

Which of the following statements represents updated findings on Kelley's covariation model?

What are self-serving attributions and why do people make them?

Why and how does a belief in a just world often lead to victim blaming? Describe the belief in a just world and explain why it occurs and how this belief can have negative consequences for the victims of crime.

According to recent research by Hafer (2000),victim blaming is increased when people's thoughts are directed towards planning for their future.This is related to

Explanations for our behaviour that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality are called

Why do we sometimes skip the second step in making attributions?

According to the research by Fincham et al.,a spouse in an unhappy marriage is most likely to make which of the following attributions?

After managing to make it to the final five players on Survivor,a low profile (and somewhat underrated contestant)named Sam expresses loyalty to one player but then votes against him at Tribal Council.If you assume that Sam is a manipulative liar this means that you have probably

Blaming the victim of rape,abuse,or other misfortunes is most closely related to

Despite a belief in a just world,some tragedies or misfortunes are undeniable reminders that bad things can and do happen.According to Melvin Lerner (1980),to deal with these unsettling reminders we often

How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human emotions conveyed via facial expressions?

People in Japan seldom smile widely when they are happy,whereas people in North America are encouraged to smile often.This cultural difference reflects the power of _______ to influence nonverbal communication.

When observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus,they are using _______ information.

Not only do display rules make it difficult to decode what someone is feeling by observing his or her face,but people also frequently display

In ________ culture,not only is the self-serving bias less prevalent,but people commonly show an opposite pattern of attribution.

The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called

Which of the following was presented in the text as a possible reason why athletes attribute wins to their own behaviour and losses to external factors?

Kelley's (1967)covariation model focuses on how people

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Filters